DT-Web

DB00117 - L-Histidine


Identification
Name L-Histidine
Accession Number DB00117 (NUTR00030)
Type small molecule
Description An essential amino acid that is required for the production of histamine. [PubChem]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 155.1546
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 155.069476547
Pharmacology
Indication The actions of supplemental L-histidine are entirely unclear. It may have some immunomodulatory as well as antioxidant activity. L-histidine may be indicated for use in some with rheumatoid arthritis. It is not indicated for treatment of anemia or uremia or for lowering serum cholesterol.
Mechanism of action Since the actions of supplemental L-histidine are unclear, any postulated mechanism is entirely speculative. However, some facts are known about L-histidine and some of its metabolites, such as histamine and trans-urocanic acid, which suggest that supplemental L-histidine may one day be shown to have immunomodulatory and/or antioxidant activities. Low free histidine has been found in the serum of some rheumatoid arthritis patients. Serum concentrations of other amino acids have been found to be normal in these patients. L-histidine is an excellent chelating agent for such metals as copper, iron and zinc. Copper and iron participate in a reaction (Fenton reaction) that generates potent reactive oxygen species that could be destructive to tissues, including joints.
L-histidine is the obligate precursor of histamine, which is produced via the decarboxylation of the amino acid. In experimental animals, tissue histamine levels increase as the amount of dietary L-histidine increases. It is likely that this would be the case in humans as well. Histamine is known to possess immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity. Suppressor T cells have H2 receptors, and histamine activates them. Promotion of suppressor T cell activity could be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis. Further, histamine has been shown to down-regulate the production of reactive oxygen species in phagocytic cells, such as monocytes, by binding to the H2 receptors on these cells. Decreased reactive oxygen species production by phagocytes could play antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles in such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis.
This latter mechanism is the rationale for the use of histamine itself in several clinical trials studying histamine for the treatment of certain types of cancer and viral diseases. In these trials, down-regulation by histamine of reactive oxygen species formation appears to inhibit the suppression of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, allowing these cells to be more effective in attacking cancer cells and virally infected cells.
Absorption Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism requiring the presence of sodium.
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity ORL-RAT LD50 > 15000 mg/kg, IPR-RAT LD50 > 8000 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD50 > 15000 mg/kg, IVN-MUS LD50 > 2000 mg/kg; Mild gastrointestinal side effects.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Histidine decarboxylase
Name Histidine decarboxylase
Gene Name HDC
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions Not Available
References
  • Landete JM, Pardo I, Ferrer S: Histamine, histidine, and growth-phase mediated regulation of the histidine decarboxylase gene in lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006 Jul;260(1):84-90. - Pubmed
  • Fernandez M, del Rio B, Linares DM, Martin MC, Alvarez MA: Real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria: use in cheese production. J Dairy Sci. 2006 Oct;89(10):3763-9. - Pubmed
  • Nitta Y, Kikuzaki H, Ueno H: Food components inhibiting recombinant human histidine decarboxylase activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jan 24;55(2):299-304. - Pubmed
  • Kitamura Y, Das AK, Murata Y, Maeyama K, Dev S, Wakayama Y, Kalubi B, Takeda N, Fukui H: Dexamethasone suppresses histamine synthesis by repressing both transcription and activity of HDC in allergic rats. Allergol Int. 2006 Sep;55(3):279-86. - Pubmed
  • Castellani ML, Kempuraj D, Frydas S, Theoharides TC, Simeonidou I, Conti P, Vecchiet J: Inhibitory effect of quercetin on tryptase and MCP-1 chemokine release, and histidine decarboxylase mRNA transcription by human mast cell-1 cell line. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006;13(3):179-86. Epub 2006 Dec 21. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.774
Histidyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
Name Histidyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
Gene Name HARS
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions Not Available
References
  • Nagatoyo Y, Iwaki J, Suzuki S, Kuno A, Hasegawa T: Molecular recognition of histidine tRNA by histidyl-tRNA synthetase from hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2005;(49):307-8. - Pubmed
  • Rosen AE, Brooks BS, Guth E, Francklyn CS, Musier-Forsyth K: Evolutionary conservation of a functionally important backbone phosphate group critical for aminoacylation of histidine tRNAs. RNA. 2006 Jul;12(7):1315-22. Epub 2006 Jun 1. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0333
System N amino acid transporter 1
Name System N amino acid transporter 1
Gene Name SLC38A3
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions Not Available
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Eppig JJ, Pendola FL, Wigglesworth K, Pendola JK: Mouse oocytes regulate metabolic cooperativity between granulosa cells and oocytes: amino acid transport. Biol Reprod. 2005 Aug;73(2):351-7. Epub 2005 Apr 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8005
Histidine ammonia-lyase
Name Histidine ammonia-lyase
Gene Name HAL
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions Not Available
References
  • Viergutz S, Retey J: Kinetic analysis of the reactions catalyzed by histidine and phenylalanine ammonia lyases. Chem Biodivers. 2004 Feb;1(2):296-302. - Pubmed
  • Lambrecht NW, Yakubov I, Sachs G: Fasting induced changes in ECL cell gene expression. Physiol Genomics. 2007 May 29;. - Pubmed
  • Watts KT, Mijts BN, Lee PC, Manning AJ, Schmidt-Dannert C: Discovery of a substrate selectivity switch in tyrosine ammonia-lyase, a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family. Chem Biol. 2006 Dec;13(12):1317-26. - Pubmed
  • Katona A, Tosa MI, Paizs C, Retey J: Inhibition of histidine ammonia lyase by heteroaryl-alanines and acrylates. Chem Biodivers. 2006 May;3(5):502-8. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0332

Transporters


Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Name Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Gene Name SLC16A10
Actions substrate,inhibitor
References
  • Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. - Pubmed
  • Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7156

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
6257 Histidine ammonia-lyase Not Available 1.0332
6536 Histidine ammonia-lyase hutH 1.0332
263 Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) SLC1A5 0.1046
4092 Probable asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial NARS2 0.0948
669 Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic NARS 0.0947
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0826
3977 ASRGL1 protein ASRGL1 0.082
245 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 SLC7A5 0.0446
1566 Corticoliberin CRH 0.0413
301 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1 CCBL1 0.0347
866 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 SLC7A8 0.0335
574 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic BCAT1 0.0324
2532 Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase panC 0.0285
199 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 SLC16A2 0.0258
1008 CTP synthase 1 CTPS 0.0254
3985 Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2 GFPT2 0.0254
3990 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 4 TGM4 0.0254
3986 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 TGM6 0.0254
3992 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Z TGM7 0.0254
3983 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 TGM5 0.0254
3988 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K TGM1 0.0254
3989 Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase QARS 0.0254
6645 D-amino-acid oxidase DAO 0.0245
763 Tyrosine aminotransferase TAT 0.0242
5493 Tyrosine aminotransferase Not Available 0.0242
534 Threonine synthase-like 1 THNSL1 0.024
5925 Neuropeptide Y NPY 0.0231
3984 Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial PET112L 0.0222
5 Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial GLS2 0.0222
3991 Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase NADSYN1 0.0222
917 Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial GLS 0.0222
355 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] GMPS 0.0222
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.0222
3982 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase PFAS 0.0222
5261 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase purL 0.0222
3971 CAD protein [Includes: Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase CAD 0.0214
795 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial BCAT2 0.0205
4069 Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial TARS2 0.0197
261 Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic TARS 0.0197
246 Valyl-tRNA synthetase VARS 0.0196
1596 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 TGM2 0.0194
413 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase PPAT 0.0192
2515 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0192
3714 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0192
6 Coagulation factor XIII A chain F13A1 0.0184
358 Cystathionine beta-synthase CBS 0.0181
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.018
349 Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase AGXT 0.0179
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0177
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0177
5469 Head decoration protein shp 0.0168
184 L-serine dehydratase SDS 0.0165
431 Serine racemase SRR 0.0165
491 Serine palmitoyltransferase 1 SPTLC1 0.0165
727 Serine palmitoyltransferase 2 SPTLC2 0.0165
169 Cysteine desulfurase, mitochondrial NFS1 0.0161
2457 Bacillolysin nprS 0.016
114 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial AGXT2 0.0159
601 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial PCCB 0.0157
676 Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase TH 0.0149
2339 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E TGM3 0.0147
2461 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase Not Available 0.0147
5756 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase dac 0.0147
38 Cystinosin CTNS 0.0141
3998 B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 SLC7A9 0.0141
1963 Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT SLC3A1 0.0141
150 Cationic amino acid transporter 3 SLC7A3 0.0137
235 High-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1 SLC7A1 0.0137
58 Cationic amino acid transporter 4 SLC7A4 0.0137
499 Arginine decarboxylase ADC 0.0136
471 Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) SLC6A14 0.0134
3899 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 2 AGXT2L2 0.0133
586 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic GOT1 0.0132
89 Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase CSAD 0.0129
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0127
399 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial YARS2 0.0127
435 Kynureninase KYNU 0.012
4654 Kynureninase kynU 0.012
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0119
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0119
3874 Proline synthetase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein PROSC 0.0115
3891 Putative L-Dopa decarboxylase DDC 0.0113
3893 DDC protein DDC 0.0113
3908 P-selectin cytoplasmic tail-associated protein pcap 0.0113
3915 Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase-related protein 1 CSAD 0.0113
3911 Uncharacterized protein C20orf38 SPTLC3 0.0113
3896 CDNA FLJ46802 fis, clone TRACH3032150, moderately similar to Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase GADL1 0.0113
3906 Serine dehydratase-like SDSL 0.0113
3881 Selenocysteine lyase variant Not Available 0.0113
3887 Phosphorylase PYGB 0.0113
3914 Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase homolog TLH6 0.0113
3883 Ornithine aminotransferase variant Not Available 0.0113
306 Pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase PDXP 0.0113
3910 O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase SEPSECS 0.0113
3880 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 Not Available 0.0113
3909 Hepatic peroxysomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase Not Available 0.0113
855 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 SGPL1 0.0113
3878 GAD1 protein GAD1 0.0113
3903 Aminolevulinate, delta-, synthase 2 ALAS2 0.0113
3894 KIAA0251 protein PDXDC1 0.0113
3886 Migration-inducing protein 4 ALAS1 0.0113
3875 Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form PYGB 0.0113
3882 Brain glycogen phosphorylase variant Not Available 0.0113
3905 Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase MOCOS 0.0113
701 Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase IARS 0.011
546 Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic IARS 0.011
4080 Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial IARS2 0.011
3877 Growth-inhibiting protein 18 GIG18 0.011
221 Lysyl-tRNA synthetase KARS 0.0109
575 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial GCAT 0.0105
681 Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], mitochondrial GLDC 0.0105
455 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial ALAS1 0.0105
426 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2 0.0104
868 Cystathionine gamma-lyase CTH 0.0104
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0103
5650 NimA-related protein DR_0842 0.0101
72 Seryl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic SARS 0.0099
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0098
501 Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 LCMT1 0.0097
675 Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2 LCMT2 0.0097
846 Leucyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic LARS 0.0097
227 Probable leucyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial LARS2 0.0097
420 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0096
3900 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0096
665 Phosphoserine aminotransferase PSAT1 0.0096
4652 Phosphoserine aminotransferase serC 0.0096
801 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial AADAT 0.0096
3895 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 CCBL2 0.0096
42 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha chain FARSA 0.0096
6602 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha chain pheS 0.0096
31 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial FARS2 0.0096
618 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain FARSB 0.0096
6603 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain pheT 0.0096
619 Low-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 2 SLC7A2 0.0095
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.0093
630 Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADSB 0.0093
3884 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0092
3901 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0092
3885 Hypothetical protein DKFZp686P09201 DKFZp686P09201 0.0092
3879 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 Not Available 0.0092
321 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial SHMT2 0.0092
828 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase PAH 0.0092
3109 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase phhA 0.0092
3913 Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 0.0089
256 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic YARS 0.0089
500 Monocarboxylate transporter 4 SLC16A3 0.0087
489 Monocarboxylate transporter 2 SLC16A7 0.0086
914 Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase FTCD 0.0078
3254 Bifunctional protein putA [Includes: Proline dehydrogenase putA 0.0077
367 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic SHMT1 0.0077
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0076
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.0076
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0075
90 Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2 TPH2 0.0073
4063 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial WARS2 0.0073
203 Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase PNPO 0.0073
472 Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial OAT 0.0072
740 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0067
865 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0067
2680 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0067
3194 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0067
594 Thyroxine-binding globulin SERPINA7 0.0066
449 Ornithine decarboxylase ODC1 0.0062
758 Thyroid hormone receptor alpha THRA 0.0061
252 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic WARS 0.0059
765 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase IDO1 0.0059
532 Neutral amino acid transporter A SLC1A4 0.0057
4070 Probable alanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial AARS2 0.0057
323 Alanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic AARS 0.0057
2452 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase trpS 0.0056
134 Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 TPH1 0.0055
668 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GCLM 0.0054
346 Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1 THRB 0.0054
6012 Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase TDO2 0.0053
171 Cysteine dioxygenase CDO-1 0.0053
774 Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic CARS 0.0052
1314 Thiamine transporter 2 SLC19A3 0.0052
4064 Probable cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial CARS2 0.0052
10 Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form PYGL 0.0052
207 Glutathione synthetase GSS 0.0052
5269 Glutathione synthetase gshB 0.0052
834 Arginase-2, mitochondrial ARG2 0.0051
593 Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 SLC36A1 0.0051
6150 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 SLCO4C1 0.0051
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.005
577 Argininosuccinate lyase ASL 0.0049
480 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2 MSRB2 0.0048
317 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase SEPX1 0.0048
3996 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 BHMT2 0.0048
3921 Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta MAT2B 0.0048
3995 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial MARS2 0.0048
600 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic MARS 0.0048
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.0046
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0046
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0045
1999 Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase MGMT 0.0043
397 Monocarboxylate transporter 3 SLC16A8 0.0041
218 Monocarboxylate transporter 5 SLC16A4 0.0041
195 Monocarboxylate transporter 7 SLC16A6 0.0041
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0041
429 Monocarboxylate transporter 6 SLC16A5 0.0041
191 Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase MSRA 0.0041
373 Transthyretin TTR 0.004
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.004
626 Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 CDO1 0.004
941 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 BHMT 0.0039
1152 Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form PYGM 0.0039
334 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2 MAT2A 0.0038
453 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1 MAT1A 0.0036
52 Pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L PKLR 0.0035
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0035
4085 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C PPIC 0.0035
4088 Probable prolyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial PARS2 0.0035
4083 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H PPIH 0.0035
4087 Pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase isoform P5CR2 0.0035
4090 Chromosome 14 open reading frame 149 C14orf149 0.0035
4082 Proline oxidase, mitochondrial PRODH 0.0035
797 Sodium-dependent proline transporter SLC6A7 0.0035
4086 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G PPIG 0.0035
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0034
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0034
771 Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial PC 0.0034
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0034
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0033
1671 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 SLC1A1 0.0033
840 Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial MTRR 0.0033
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0032
98 Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 PKM2 0.0032
210 Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase EPRS 0.0031
2632 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0031
3323 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0031
3975 Adenylosuccinate synthetase ADSS 0.0031
4598 Adenylosuccinate synthetase Adss 0.0031
6817 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0031
3972 Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 ADSS 0.0031
533 Aminoacylase-1 ACY1 0.0031
3969 Multifunctional protein ADE2 [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole- succinocarboxamide synthase PAICS 0.0031
799 Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic DARS 0.0031
209 Aspartoacylase ASPA 0.0031
3979 Aspartoacylase-2 ACY3 0.0031
3976 Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial DARS2 0.0031
513 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar2 SLC25A13 0.0031
305 Mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier protein SLC25A13 0.0031
262 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1 SLC25A12 0.0031
809 Methionine synthase MTR 0.0031
2935 Methionine synthase metH 0.0031
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.003
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.003
4084 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B PPIB 0.003
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0029
4000 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 P4HA2 0.0029
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0029
291 Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial NOS3 0.0029
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0027
248 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 PYCR1 0.0027
802 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 PYCR2 0.0027
585 Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase ASPH 0.0027
2554 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial PPIF 0.0027
2795 Methionine aminopeptidase 2 METAP2 0.0026
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0026
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0026
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0026
3949 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 LEPREL1 0.0025
3945 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 LEPRE1 0.0025
3951 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3 LEPREL2 0.0025
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.0025
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0025
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0024
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.0024
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0024
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0024
67 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 P4HA1 0.0023
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0023
1524 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A PPIA 0.0023
6700 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A ppiA 0.0023
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0023
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0023
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0022
4058 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2 GLYATL2 0.0022
4057 Glycine N-acyltransferase GLYAT 0.0022
4059 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1 GLYATL1 0.0022
4056 N-arachidonyl glycine receptor GPR18 0.0022
4061 Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase PIPOX 0.0022
4055 Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase BAAT 0.0022
1236 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 SLC6A9 0.0022
4062 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 SLC6A5 0.0022
4060 Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter SLC32A1 0.0022
1088 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial ALAS2 0.0022
1466 Glycyl-tRNA synthetase GARS 0.0022
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0022
3978 Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1 ADSSL1 0.0021
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.002
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.002
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0019
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0018
4054 Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial GCSH 0.0017
62 Glycine receptor subunit beta GLRB 0.0017
383 Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial GATM 0.0016
411 Glycine N-methyltransferase GNMT 0.0016
5682 Ribonuclease pancreatic RNASE1 0.0016
820 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 GLRA2 0.0014
461 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 GLRA3 0.0014
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0013
4023 N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial NAGS 0.0011
4024 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 SLC25A18 0.0011
4025 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 0.0011
4021 Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial EARS2 0.0011
664 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0011
3890 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0011
4026 Aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPEP 0.0011
4022 Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1 LGSN 0.0011
1912 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 SLC1A3 0.0011
4016 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 SLC1A7 0.0011
4019 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 SLC1A6 0.0011
4017 5-oxoprolinase OPLAH 0.0011
1047 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 SLC1A2 0.0011
926 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 GRM7 0.0011
920 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 GRIK5 0.0011
4018 Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit GRID2 0.0011
915 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 0.0011
922 Glutamate receptor 4 GRIA4 0.0011
927 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 0.0011
925 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 GRM4 0.0011
924 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 GRIK3 0.0011
919 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 GRIK4 0.0011
4020 Glutamyl aminopeptidase ENPEP 0.0011
4027 Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit GRID1 0.0011
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0009
625 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 FOLH1 0.0009
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.0008
916 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 0.0008
923 Glutamate receptor 3 GRIA3 0.0008
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0008
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.0008
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0008
773 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial FPGS 0.0007
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0007
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0006
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0006
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0005
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0005
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0005
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