DT-Web

DB00993 - Azathioprine


Identification
Name Azathioprine
Accession Number DB00993 (APRD00811)
Type small molecule
Description An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 277.263
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 277.038193193
Pharmacology
Indication For use in rheumatoid arthritis, preventing renal transplant rejection, Crohn's disease, and colitis.
Mechanism of action Azathioprine antagonizes purine metabolism and may inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It may also interfere with cellular metabolism and inhibit mitosis. Its mechanism of action is likely due to incorporation of thiopurine analogues into the DNA structure, causing chain termination and cytotoxicity.
Absorption Well absorbed following oral administration.
Protein binding Azathioprine and the metabolite mercaptopurine are moderately bound to serum proteins (30%).
Biotransformation Primarily converted to the active metabolites 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioinosinic acid via a non-enzymatica process and glutathione transferases. Activation of 6-mercaptopurine occurs via hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and a series of multi-enzymatic processes involving kinases to form 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) as major metabolites
Route of elimination Both compounds are rapidly eliminated from blood and are oxidized or methylated in erythrocytes and liver; no azathioprine or mercaptopurine is detectable in urine after 8 hours.
Toxicity The oral LD50 for single doses of azathioprine in mice and rats are 2500 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Very large doses of this antimetabolite may lead to marrow hypoplasia, bleeding, infection, and death.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Acenocoumarol Azathioprine may decrease the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
Allopurinol Allopurinol may increase the effect of thiopurine, azathioprine.
Aminosalicylic Acid Aminosalicylic acid may increase the toxicity of thiopurine, azathioprine.
Anisindione Azathioprine may decrease the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
Atracurium The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Canakinumab results in increased immunosuppressive effects; increases the risk of infection.
Dicumarol Azathioprine may decrease the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
Doxacurium chloride The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Febuxostat Coadministration of febuxostat with xanthine oxidase substrate drugs (azathioprine, mercaptopurine or theophylline) could increase plasma concentrations of these drugs, since these drugs are metabolized by xanthine oxidase, resulting in severe toxicity; hence their concomitant use is contraindicated. Since febuxostat does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 enzymes it lacks significant drug interactions with other drugs metabolized of these enzymes.
Mesalazine Mesalazine may increase the toxicity of thiopurine, azathioprine.
Metocurine The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Mivacurium The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Olsalazine Olsalazine may increase the toxicity of thiopurine, azathioprine.
Pancuronium The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Rilonacept results in increased immunosuppressive effects; increases the risk of infection.
Sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine may increase the toxicity of thiopurine, azathioprine.
Trandolapril Trandolapril may increase the risk of neutropenia. Monitor for increased toxic effects of Azathioprine if Trandolapril is initiated or dose increased.
Trastuzumab Trastuzumab may increase the risk of neutropenia and anemia. Monitor closely for signs and symptoms of adverse events.
Tubocurarine The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Vecuronium The agent decreases the effect of the muscle relaxant
Warfarin Azathioprine may decrease the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food to reduce irritation.

Targets


Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
Name Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
Gene Name HPRT1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Anstey A, Lear JT: Azathioprine: clinical pharmacology and current indications in autoimmune disorders. BioDrugs. 1998 Jan;9(1):33-47. - Pubmed
  • Dubinsky MC: Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Sep;2(9):731-43. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8494

Enzymes


Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
Name Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
Gene Name XDH
Actions substrate
References
  • Dubinsky MC: Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Sep;2(9):731-43. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5316
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase
Name Thiopurine S-methyltransferase
Gene Name TPMT
Actions substrate
References
  • Sahasranaman S, Howard D, Roy S: Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of thiopurines. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;64(8):753-67. Epub 2008 May 28. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.42
Glutathione S-transferase A1
Name Glutathione S-transferase A1
Gene Name GSTA1
Actions substrate
References
  • https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2040 -
DTHybrid score 0.7244
Glutathione S-transferase A2
Name Glutathione S-transferase A2
Gene Name GSTA2
Actions substrate
References
  • https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2040 -
DTHybrid score 0.331
Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1
Name Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1
Gene Name GSTM1
Actions substrate
References
  • https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2040 -
DTHybrid score 0.7173

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.2167
1313 Lactoylglutathione lyase GLO1 0.1238
1253 Interferon gamma IFNG 0.1133
4041 Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 MGST2 0.1013
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0958
2165 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 GSTM2 0.0956
901 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 4 GSTM4 0.0925
2287 Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase ATIC 0.0809
3759 Glutathione S-transferase gst 0.0666
4541 Glutathione S-transferase GST 0.0666
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0649
2300 Lysozyme E 0.0636
3633 Lysozyme R 0.0636
5597 Lysozyme 17 0.0636
2314 Triosephosphate isomerase TPI 0.0595
3417 Triosephosphate isomerase tpiA 0.0595
3443 Triosephosphate isomerase tpiA 0.0595
6346 Triosephosphate isomerase TPI1 0.0595
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0593
558 Solute carrier family 12 member 1 SLC12A1 0.0548
806 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase alpha-1 chain ATP1A1 0.0525
592 Carbonic anhydrase 4 CA4 0.0511
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.049
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.0474
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0471
4271 Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase trpD 0.0437
6171 Solute carrier family 28 member 3 SLC28A3 0.0436
2794 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase pyrE 0.0423
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.039
4269 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, putative HGPRTase 0.0388
4152 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD1 0.0373
908 Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 GSTT1 0.0371
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.0365
128 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase APRT 0.0353
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.035
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0314
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0311
6163 Copper-transporting ATPase 2 ATP7B 0.0307
6165 Copper-transporting ATPase 1 ATP7A 0.0307
466 Solute carrier family 12 member 3 SLC12A3 0.0306
5898 Complement C3 C3 0.0299
6146 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 0.029
610 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1 KCNMA1 0.0286
2409 Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic ACAT2 0.0279
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0259
6161 Probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2 SLC31A2 0.0257
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0256
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0254
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0252
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0249
6677 Myelin P2 protein PMP2 0.0243
2112 Toll-like receptor 9 TLR9 0.0237
2517 Subtilisin BPN' apr 0.0231
899 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3 GSTM3 0.0231
905 Glutathione transferase omega-1 GSTO1 0.0227
6223 Penicillin-binding protein 1C pbpC 0.0227
1198 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 PON1 0.0227
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0221
2596 Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase phbA 0.0212
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0199
2443 Azurin azu 0.0194
777 Tumor necrosis factor TNF 0.0191
80 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha PPARA 0.0191
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0189
6032 PROBABLE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE FAS (FATTY ACID SYNTHETASE) fas 0.018
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0171
63 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0165
2329 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0165
3445 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0165
4420 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0165
4438 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0165
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0163
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0162
903 Glutathione S-transferase A5 GSTA5 0.0161
327 Glutathione reductase gor 0.0156
5110 Glutathione reductase GR2 0.0156
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0154
3823 Cytokine receptor common gamma chain IL2RG 0.0151
4035 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 5 GSTM5 0.015
893 [Citrate [pro-3S]-lyase] ligase citC 0.0149
845 Pyruvate dehydrogenase [cytochrome] poxB 0.0149
2383 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
2937 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
4620 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
6594 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
6609 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
6646 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase ispF 0.0146
2757 Inorganic pyrophosphatase ppa 0.0146
6238 Inorganic pyrophosphatase ppa 0.0146
6968 Inorganic pyrophosphatase PPA1 0.0146
898 Glutathione S-transferase A3 GSTA3 0.0146
900 Glutathione S-transferase A4 GSTA4 0.0145
4034 Glutaredoxin-1 GLRX 0.0143
1928 Leukotriene C4 synthase LTC4S 0.0143
4030 Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 12 TXNDC12 0.0143
4036 Glutathione peroxidase 6 GPX6 0.0143
906 Glutathione peroxidase 1 GPX1 0.0142
4040 Glutathione peroxidase 7 GPX7 0.0142
4043 Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial GLRX2 0.0142
4039 CDNA FLJ23636 fis, clone CAS07176 GPX8 0.0142
4037 Hypothetical protein GPX1 0.0142
4297 Hypothetical protein SP_1951 0.0142
4521 Hypothetical protein BC_2969 0.0142
4540 Hypothetical protein TM_1070 0.0142
4555 Hypothetical protein MT1739 0.0142
4569 Hypothetical protein mshD 0.0142
4578 Hypothetical protein PA3270 0.0142
4747 Hypothetical protein PA3967 0.0142
5177 Hypothetical protein TM_0096 0.0142
5194 Hypothetical protein PA1204 0.0142
5240 Hypothetical protein Rv2991 0.0142
5370 Hypothetical protein TM_1158 0.0142
5710 Hypothetical protein Tb927.5.1360 0.0142
4029 Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 MGST3 0.0142
4032 Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 MGST1 0.0142
907 Glutathione peroxidase 2 GPX2 0.0142
4038 Glutathione peroxidase 4 GPX4 0.0142
1975 Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, mitochondrial GPX4 0.0142
910 Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase GPX5 0.0142
911 Glutathione peroxidase 3 GPX3 0.0142
4033 S-formylglutathione hydrolase ESD 0.0142
4042 Glutathione transferase omega-2 GSTO2 0.0142
1056 Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 GGT1 0.0142
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0139
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0138
115 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0138
6069 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0138
6118 Penicillin-binding protein 2 penA 0.0138
6187 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0138
6686 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbp2 0.0138
6939 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0138
7163 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0138
724 Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain IL2RA 0.0131
717 Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta IL2RB 0.0131
897 Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 GSTK1 0.013
2755 Hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase LACZ 0.013
4553 Bifunctional adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis protein cobU cobU 0.013
3319 Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase HAGH 0.0129
543 Penicillin-binding protein 1B mrcB 0.0129
6186 Penicillin-binding protein 1B ponB 0.0129
6822 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0129
6844 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0129
1 Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI ftsI 0.0129
4155 Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI ftsI 0.0129
2647 RNA-directed RNA polymerase P2 0.0128
4077 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform PPP2CB 0.0127
375 SEC14-like protein 3 SEC14L3 0.0127
86 SEC14-like protein 4 SEC14L4 0.0127
4076 Diacylglycerol kinase alpha DGKA 0.0127
645 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0127
5805 Penicillin-binding protein 1A ponA 0.0127
6185 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0127
6799 Penicillin-binding protein 1A pbpA 0.0127
909 Maleylacetoacetate isomerase GSTZ1 0.0126
355 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] GMPS 0.0125
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.0125
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.012
2434 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0119
2910 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0119
3217 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0119
3010 Regulatory protein blaR1 blaR1 0.0116
2149 Angiogenin ANG 0.0115
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0115
2727 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase metK 0.0112
2885 Carboxyethyl-arginine beta-lactam-synthase bls 0.011
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.011
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.011
303 Diamine acetyltransferase 2 SAT2 0.0109
623 Spermine oxidase SMOX 0.0109
1317 Spermine synthase SMS 0.0109
4600 Malonamidase E2 Not Available 0.0109
1656 CYP2B protein CYP2B 0.0108
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0108
708 Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein TTPA 0.0107
2717 Folylpolyglutamate synthase fgs 0.0107
283 SEC14-like protein 2 SEC14L2 0.0106
207 Glutathione synthetase GSS 0.0105
5269 Glutathione synthetase gshB 0.0105
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0104
123 Diamine acetyltransferase 1 SAT1 0.01
714 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial GSR 0.0099
2428 Thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase thiE 0.0099
4078 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform PPP2CA 0.0098
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.0097
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0097
997 Protein kinase C beta type PRKCB 0.0096
6395 Myosin-14 MYH14 0.0096
2101 Glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthase HPGDS 0.0093
6859 Protein S100-A4 S100A4 0.0091
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0091
1970 Protein kinase C alpha type PRKCA 0.009
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0089
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0086
6168 Solute carrier family 22 member 16 SLC22A16 0.0085
5294 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A NME1 0.0083
810 Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 0.0083
3391 Heme oxygenase 1 pbsA1 0.0083
449 Ornithine decarboxylase ODC1 0.0078
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.0077
723 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 PLA2G4A 0.0075
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0074
1284 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 NR1I2 0.0073
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0072
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.0072
1561 Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles TNNC1 0.0064
636 Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein SLC25A20 0.0062
109 Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein CACL SLC25A29 0.0062
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.0061
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0059
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0057
551 Carnitine O-acetyltransferase CRAT 0.0054
451 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform CPT1A 0.0054
200 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial CPT2 0.0054
412 Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase CROT 0.0054
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0052
1374 Natriuretic peptides B NPPB 0.0051
1827 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 0.0051
1908 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 VCAM1 0.0051
400 Coagulation factor IX F9 0.005
5461 Coagulation factor IX F9 0.005
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.005
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0049
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.0049
817 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha TOP2A 0.0047
4081 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1 VKORC1L1 0.0046
604 Vitamin K-dependent protein Z PROZ 0.0046
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0045
422 Vitamin K-dependent protein C PROC 0.0042
1245 Vitamin K-dependent protein S PROS1 0.0042
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0042
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.004
4192 DNA topoisomerase 2-beta TOP2B 0.0039
183 Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA 0.0039
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0039
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.0037
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0035
798 Osteocalcin BGLAP 0.0035
214 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial NDUFS3 0.0035
337 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial NDUFS7 0.0035
803 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial NDUFS2 0.0035
6172 ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 8, mitochondrial ABCB8 0.0034
6861 Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] AKR1A1 0.0033
369 Coagulation factor VII F7 0.0032
787 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 VKORC1 0.0031
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0029
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0029
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0029
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.0027
650 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 AKR1C3 0.0026
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0026
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0024
239 Coagulation factor X F10 0.0024
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0024
5251 Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 CBR1 0.0023
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.002
54 Prothrombin F2 0.002
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0017
291 Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial NOS3 0.0017
178 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 0.0017
812 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DLD 0.0017
839 Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADS 0.0015
4486 Phenol 2-hydroxylase component B pheA2 0.0013
4439 Ferredoxin reductase bphA4 0.0013
4477 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpdV 0.0013
5077 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0013
5117 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpd 0.0013
5078 Amine oxidase, flavin-containing PSPTO1126 0.0012
5122 Mersacidin decarboxylase mrsD 0.0012
526 Thioredoxin reductase trxB 0.0012
3767 Thioredoxin reductase trxB 0.0012
5112 Benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase electron transfer component benC 0.0012
3763 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase metF 0.0012
3918 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0012
5094 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase metF 0.0012
5097 PROBABLE DIHYDROLIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE LPDA lpdA 0.0012
5102 4-cresol dehydrogenase [hydroxylating] flavoprotein subunit pchF 0.0012
5115 FkbI fkbI 0.0012
3133 UDP-galactopyranose mutase glf 0.0012
5099 UDP-galactopyranose mutase glf 0.0012
5114 Putative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase TT_C0779 0.0012
5095 Putidaredoxin reductase camA 0.0012
5083 Cryptochrome DASH cry 0.0012
5100 Gamma-aminobutyrate metabolism dehydratase/isomerase abfD 0.0012
5107 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F ahpF 0.0012
5118 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F ahpF 0.0012
5081 L-aspartate oxidase nadB 0.0012
5111 Phenylacetone monooxygenase pamO 0.0012
1410 Oxidoreductase HSD17B6 0.0012
4725 Oxidoreductase Not Available 0.0012
5124 Oxidoreductase Not Available 0.0012
5109 Outer membrane protein p64k or PM-6 m-6 0.0012
1329 Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial AIFM1 0.0012
3102 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0011
4969 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0011
4440 NADH peroxidase npr 0.0011
5072 N,N-dimethylglycine oxidase dmg 0.0011
5073 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase petH 0.0011
5076 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase fpr 0.0011
5119 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase petH 0.0011
5121 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase fpr 0.0011
5075 Sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component cysJ 0.0011
3594 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phr 0.0011
5079 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phrB 0.0011
5080 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phr 0.0011
440 Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial IVD 0.0011
5003 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain specific Not Available 0.0011
2526 NADPH-ferredoxin reductase fprA fprA 0.0011
667 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 8, mitochondrial ACAD8 0.0011
5091 UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase murB 0.0011
5093 UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase murB 0.0011
3506 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial GCDH 0.0011
2470 Pyruvate oxidase pox5 0.0011
6639 Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 ACOX1 0.0011
3247 2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase, carboxylating xecC 0.001
2268 Cholesterol oxidase choB 0.001
2822 Cholesterol oxidase choA 0.001
126 D-lactate dehydrogenase dld 0.001
3545 D-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.001
4510 D-lactate dehydrogenase ldhA 0.001
605 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.001
2709 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit SO_0970 0.001
3673 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit fccA 0.001
4912 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit ifcA 0.001
6549 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.001
3185 Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADM 0.001
3254 Bifunctional protein putA [Includes: Proline dehydrogenase putA 0.001
2893 Glycine oxidase thiO 0.001
3573 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH] fadH 0.0009
2567 Thymidylate synthase thyX thyX 0.0009
2823 Trypanothione reductase TPR 0.0009
2769 P-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase pobA 0.0009
2809 P-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase pobA 0.0009
3610 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic TXNRD1 0.0009
2380 Monomeric sarcosine oxidase soxA 0.0008
6645 D-amino-acid oxidase DAO 0.0008
1302 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+] DPYD 0.0008
816 Biliverdin reductase A BLVRA 0.0007
579 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain ADH7 0.0007
792 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring ALDH3A1 0.0007
316 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH9A1 0.0007
30 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial NDUFV3 0.0006
374 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFB1 0.0006
247 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFA1 0.0006
343 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial NDUFC1 0.0006
190 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFA4 0.0006
353 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 NDUFA4L2 0.0006
607 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 NDUFA2 0.0006
324 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFB4 0.0006
598 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 NDUFA11 0.0006
405 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 NDUFA8 0.0006
555 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial NDUFS4 0.0006
446 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFA7 0.0006
656 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 NDUFB9 0.0006
525 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 NDUFA5 0.0006
219 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 MT-ND3 0.0006
104 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial NDUFS6 0.0006
236 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFA6 0.0006
417 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFB6 0.0006
475 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial NDUFB2 0.0006
582 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 NDUFA13 0.0006
829 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 NDUFA12 0.0006
755 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFA3 0.0006
487 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 AKR1C4 0.0006
313 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFB3 0.0006
384 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 MT-ND6 0.0006
300 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L MT-ND4L 0.0006
746 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial NDUFB8 0.0006
99 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 NDUFS5 0.0006
270 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial NDUFB5 0.0006
644 Heme oxygenase 2 HMOX2 0.0006
4982 Heme oxygenase 2 pbsA2 0.0006
41 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial NDUFS8 0.0006
335 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial NDUFA9 0.0006
568 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFB7 0.0006
616 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit beta, mitochondrial IDH3B 0.0006
152 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial NDUFV2 0.0006
848 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial IDH3G 0.0006
145 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 HSD11B2 0.0006
609 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+] HPGD 0.0006
602 Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial NDUFAB1 0.0006
539 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial NDUFV1 0.0006
272 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 NDUFB10 0.0006
372 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3 HSD17B3 0.0006
729 GDP-L-fucose synthetase TSTA3 0.0006
3463 GDP-L-fucose synthetase fcl 0.0006
167 L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain LDHC 0.0006
326 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A LDHAL6A 0.0006
141 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HIBADH 0.0006
180 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH 0.0006
3726 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0006
4291 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0006
206 3-keto-steroid reductase HSD17B7 0.0006
196 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial BDH1 0.0006
721 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 MT-ND2 0.0006
231 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+], cytoplasmic GPD1 0.0006
91 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial NDUFA10 0.0006
14 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial IDH3A 0.0006
50 Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating NSDHL 0.0006
112 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B LDHAL6B 0.0006
216 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B2 ALDH3B2 0.0006
637 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 MT-ND5 0.0006
9 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2 HSD17B2 0.0006
671 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, testis-specific form, mitochondrial PDHA2 0.0006
628 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, somatic form, mitochondrial PDHA1 0.0006
149 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ALDH7A1 0.0006
608 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 MT-ND4 0.0006
496 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B1 ALDH3B1 0.0006
34 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase DHCR7 0.0006
662 Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 0.0006
711 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase UGDH 0.0006
3672 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase hasB 0.0006
393 GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein [Includes: Glucose 1-dehydrogenase H6PD 0.0006
531 Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial ALDH1B1 0.0006
107 C-4 methylsterol oxidase SC4MOL 0.0006
258 Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial ALDH6A1 0.0006
271 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH4A1 0.0006
288 Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial HADHA 0.0006
643 Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme EHHADH 0.0006
548 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial NDUFS1 0.0006
646 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic MDH1 0.0006
350 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 HSD17B10 0.0006
454 Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 HSD17B4 0.0006
328 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD 0.0006
396 Alcohol dehydrogenase 4 ADH4 0.0006
363 NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME3 0.0006
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.0006
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0006
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0006
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0006
635 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 8 HSD17B8 0.0006
666 NADP-dependent malic enzyme ME1 0.0006
857 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial MDH2 0.0005
419 Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HADH 0.0005
77 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB 0.0005
12 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 ADH5 0.0005
296 Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial MTHFD2 0.0005
6026 Alcohol dehydrogenase 6 ADH6 0.0005
248 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 PYCR1 0.0005
802 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 PYCR2 0.0005
11 NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial NNT 0.0005
182 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial OGDH 0.0005
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0005
626 Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 CDO1 0.0005
627 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase RDH5 0.0005
640 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 ALDH1A3 0.0005
599 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH 0.0005
4426 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0005
4454 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0005
4489 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0005
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0005
794 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific GAPDHS 0.0005
66 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type II HSD3B2 0.0005
569 Retinal dehydrogenase 2 ALDH1A2 0.0005
74 Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial DLAT 0.0005
13 Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial AMT 0.0005
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0005
611 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 0.0005
166 NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME2 0.0005
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0005
686 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 AKR1C2 0.0005
57 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type I HSD3B1 0.0005
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0005
679 C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic MTHFD1 0.0005
279 Tyrosinase TYR 0.0005
170 Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH5A1 0.0004
838 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 IMPDH1 0.0004
796 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 IMPDH2 0.0004
654 Flavin reductase BLVRB 0.0004
139 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 AKR1C1 0.0004
217 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1 HSD17B1 0.0004
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.0004
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0004
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0004
559 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 MT-ND1 0.0004
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0004
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0004
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.0004
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0004
822 Aldose reductase AKR1B1 0.0003
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0003
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0003
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0003
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0003
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0003
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0003
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0003
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0003
↑