DT-Web

DB00811 - Ribavirin


Identification
Name Ribavirin
Accession Number DB00811 (APRD00081)
Type small molecule
Description A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [PubChem]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 244.2047
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 244.080769514
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Mechanism of action Ribavirin is readily phosphorylated intracellularly by adenosine kinase to ribavirin mono-, di-, and triphosphate metabolites. Ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) is a potent competitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, viral RNA polymerase and messenger RNA (mRNA) guanylyltransferase (viral) and can be incorporated into RNA in RNA viral species.. Guanylyltranserase inhibition stops the capping of mRNA. These diverse effects result in a marked reduction of intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools and inhibition of viral RNA and protein synthesis. Ribavirin is also incorporated into the viral genome causing lethal mutagenesis and a subsequent decrease in specific viral infectivity.
Absorption Rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. However, due to first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability averages 64%.
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic. Results of in vitro studies using both human and rat liver microsome preparations indicated little or no cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated metabolism of ribavirin, with minimal potential for P450 enzyme-based drug interactions. Ribavirin has two pathways of metabolism: (1) a reversible phosphorylation pathway in nucleated cells; and (2) a degradative pathway involving deribosylation and amide hydrolysis to yield a triazole carboxylic acid metabolite.
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Side effects include "flu-like" symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, myalgia, and fever. The LD50 in mice is 2 g/kg orally and is associated with hypoactivity and gastrointestinal symptoms (estimated human equivalent dose of 0.17 g/kg, based on body surface area conversion).
Affected organisms
  • Hepatitis C virus, RSV and other RNA/DNA viruses
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Abacavir Ribavirin may increase the hepatotoxicity of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside) such as Abacavir. Lactic acidosis may occur. Consider modifying therapy.
Zalcitabine Ribavirin may increase the hepatotoxicity of zalcitabine. May cause lactic acidosis. MOnitor for lactic acidosis during concomitant therapy.
Zidovudine Increased risk or severity of anemia. Consider alternate therapy or monitor more closely for anemia.
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1
Name Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1
Gene Name IMPDH1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
  • Gish RG: Treating HCV with ribavirin analogues and ribavirin-like molecules. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Jan;57(1):8-13. Epub 2005 Nov 17. - Pubmed
  • McHutchison JG, Shiffman ML, Cheung RC, Gordon SC, Wright TL, Pottage JC Jr, McNair L, Ette E, Moseley S, Alam J: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation trial of merimepodib (VX-497) and interferon-alpha in previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(5):635-43. - Pubmed
  • Leyssen P, De Clercq E, Neyts J: The anti-yellow fever virus activity of ribavirin is independent of error-prone replication. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;69(4):1461-7. Epub 2006 Jan 18. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available
Adenosine kinase
Name Adenosine kinase
Gene Name ADK
Pharmacological action yes
Actions activator
References
  • Wu JZ, Larson G, Walker H, Shim JH, Hong Z: Phosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: Implications for ribavirin metabolism in erythrocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jun;49(6):2164-71. - Pubmed
  • Kumarapperuma SC, Sun Y, Jeselnik M, Chung K, Parker WB, Jonsson CB, Arterburn JB: Structural effects on the phosphorylation of 3-substituted 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazoles by human adenosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Jun 1;17(11):3203-7. Epub 2007 Mar 12. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.1364
Large structural protein
Name Large structural protein
Gene Name L
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8045
RNA-directed RNA polymerase catalytic subunit
Name RNA-directed RNA polymerase catalytic subunit
Gene Name PB1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Bougie I, Bisaillon M: Initial binding of the broad spectrum antiviral nucleoside ribavirin to the hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 26;278(52):52471-8. Epub 2003 Oct 16. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8047
DNA
Name DNA
Gene Name Not Available
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions incorporation into and destabilization
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Ren FY, Jin H, Piao XX, Piao FS: Ribavirin and IFN-alpha combination therapy induces CD4+ T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine secretion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov 7;13(41):5440-5. - Pubmed
  • Crotty S, Cameron C, Andino R: Ribavirin's antiviral mechanism of action: lethal mutagenesis? J Mol Med. 2002 Feb;80(2):86-95. Epub 2001 Dec 4. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available
Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase
Name Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase
Gene Name NT5C2
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions inducer
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
Name Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1
Gene Name ENPP1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8594

Enzymes


Adenosine kinase
Name Adenosine kinase
Gene Name ADK
Actions substrate
References
  • -
  • Wu JZ, Larson G, Walker H, Shim JH, Hong Z: Phosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: Implications for ribavirin metabolism in erythrocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jun;49(6):2164-71. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.1364

Transporters


Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1
Name Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1
Gene Name SLC29A1
Actions substrate
References
  • Yamamoto T, Sugawara M, Kikukawa T, Miyauchi S, Yamaguchi M, Tero A, Takagi S, Nakagaki T: Kinetic study of anti-viral ribavirin uptake mediated by hCNT3 and hENT1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biophys Chem. 2010 Mar;147(1-2):59-65. Epub 2010 Jan 6. - Pubmed
  • Fukuchi Y, Furihata T, Hashizume M, Iikura M, Chiba K: Characterization of ribavirin uptake systems in human hepatocytes. J Hepatol. 2010 Apr;52(4):486-92. Epub 2010 Feb 4. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6947
Solute carrier family 28 member 3
Name Solute carrier family 28 member 3
Gene Name SLC28A3
Actions substrate
References
  • Yamamoto T, Sugawara M, Kikukawa T, Miyauchi S, Yamaguchi M, Tero A, Takagi S, Nakagaki T: Kinetic study of anti-viral ribavirin uptake mediated by hCNT3 and hENT1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biophys Chem. 2010 Mar;147(1-2):59-65. Epub 2010 Jan 6. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7123

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
796 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 IMPDH2 0.2097
6027 Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme ALPL 0.1994
1075 Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like ALPPL2 0.1961
4773 Deoxycytidine kinase DCK 0.1463
360 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit RRM1 0.1185
3755 Nucleoside-specific channel-forming protein tsx precursor tsx 0.1165
603 DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit POLA1 0.09
390 Adenosine A3 receptor ADORA3 0.0718
268 Adenosine A2b receptor ADORA2B 0.0679
3611 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0527
3707 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0527
4211 Cytidine deaminase CDA 0.0527
1178 Adenosine A2a receptor ADORA2A 0.0501
16 Adenosine A1 receptor ADORA1 0.0497
24 Thymidylate synthase TMP1 0.0475
359 Thymidylate synthase TYMS 0.0475
2626 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0475
2729 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0475
5352 Thymidylate synthase THYA 0.0475
821 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial ACSS1 0.0472
704 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 ACSL1 0.0472
386 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic ACSS2 0.0472
297 Adenylate cyclase type 1 ADCY1 0.0472
3957 Adenosine deaminase ADA 0.0455
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.044
277 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase PNP 0.0437
2870 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase punA 0.0437
2945 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase punA 0.0437
4659 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase TM_1596 0.0437
4825 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase TTHA1435 0.0437
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0429
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0422
748 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 PRKAA1 0.0393
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0362
702 UMP-CMP kinase CMPK1 0.0357
825 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase ASNA1 0.0346
3435 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase arsA 0.0346
486 Serine/threonine-protein kinase ALS2CR7 CDK15 0.0346
510 Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 ACVRL1 0.0346
733 Activin receptor type 1B ACVR1B 0.0346
225 NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit NAE1 0.0346
745 Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor AMHR2 0.0346
483 A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase ARAF 0.0346
2105 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 ABCG1 0.0346
377 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 ADRBK1 0.0346
154 AFG3-like protein 2 AFG3L2 0.0346
21 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 ADRBK2 0.0346
395 ALK tyrosine kinase receptor Not Available 0.0346
340 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 APAF1 0.0328
87 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HPRT1 0.0313
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0308
1405 Thiopurine S-methyltransferase TPMT 0.03
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0277
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0275
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0269
849 Activated CDC42 kinase 1 TNK2 0.0269
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0268
292 Activin receptor type-1 ACVR1 0.0268
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0258
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0252
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0248
484 Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 ABL2 0.0232
2251 Thymidylate kinase tmk 0.023
2254 Thymidylate kinase DTYMK 0.023
3522 Thymidylate kinase tmk 0.023
1043 Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 [Includes: Phosphoribosylamine--glycine ligase GART 0.0225
3478 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase rmlA 0.0225
4277 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase rmlA 0.0225
132 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 ABCA1 0.0224
6112 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3 POLE3 0.0217
6111 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4 POLE4 0.0217
6108 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B RRM2B 0.0217
6110 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2 POLE2 0.0216
6109 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A POLE 0.0216
2257 Uridine phosphorylase udp 0.0215
5132 Uridine phosphorylase udp 0.0215
476 RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT1 0.0206
509 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0204
570 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0204
2559 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0204
3430 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0204
3518 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0204
5301 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0204
5771 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0204
7009 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0204
740 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0203
865 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0203
2680 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0203
3194 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0203
851 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 PRKAB2 0.0203
388 AMP deaminase 1 AMPD1 0.0203
2287 Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase ATIC 0.0192
661 ADP/ATP translocase 1 SLC25A4 0.0191
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0191
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0182
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0182
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0178
1830 5'-nucleotidase NT5E 0.0176
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0169
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.0169
4218 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit RRM2 0.0166
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0164
125 DNA polymerase beta POLB 0.0163
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.0159
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0158
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.0156
1291 cAMP response element-binding protein CREB1 0.0154
2684 Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 HINT1 0.0154
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0154
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0154
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0154
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0154
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0154
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0154
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0154
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0154
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0151
281 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 PRKAB1 0.015
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0143
128 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase APRT 0.0131
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0121
4198 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 FBP1 0.0119
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0116
10 Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form PYGL 0.0108
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0108
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0101
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.01
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0099
2347 Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase Pim-1 PIM1 0.0099
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0098
2358 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D PDE4D 0.0095
4226 Uridine phosphorylase 2 UPP2 0.0094
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0091
541 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B PDE4B 0.0088
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0085
4225 Uridine phosphorylase 1 UPP1 0.0085
413 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase PPAT 0.0077
2515 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0077
3714 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0077
3639 Thymidine phosphorylase deoA 0.007
3936 Thymidine phosphorylase TYMP 0.007
267 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 SERPINE1 0.0067
1302 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+] DPYD 0.0062
6221 Steroid hormone receptor ERR1 ESRRA 0.0059
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0057
1457 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 ACSL4 0.0052
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.005
3809 Estrogen-related receptor gamma ESRRG 0.0045
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0045
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0041
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0037
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0036
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0032
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0032
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.003
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0027
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0025
816 Biliverdin reductase A BLVRA 0.0024
316 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH9A1 0.0024
579 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain ADH7 0.0024
792 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring ALDH3A1 0.0024
475 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial NDUFB2 0.0023
247 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFA1 0.0023
353 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 NDUFA4L2 0.0023
300 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L MT-ND4L 0.0023
374 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFB1 0.0023
30 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial NDUFV3 0.0023
446 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFA7 0.0023
525 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 NDUFA5 0.0023
219 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 MT-ND3 0.0023
270 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial NDUFB5 0.0023
104 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial NDUFS6 0.0023
236 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFA6 0.0023
343 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial NDUFC1 0.0023
598 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 NDUFA11 0.0023
190 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFA4 0.0023
755 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFA3 0.0023
405 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 NDUFA8 0.0023
313 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFB3 0.0023
607 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 NDUFA2 0.0023
656 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 NDUFB9 0.0023
746 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial NDUFB8 0.0023
99 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 NDUFS5 0.0023
372 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3 HSD17B3 0.0023
41 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial NDUFS8 0.0023
231 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+], cytoplasmic GPD1 0.0023
417 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFB6 0.0023
324 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFB4 0.0023
568 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFB7 0.0023
216 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B2 ALDH3B2 0.0023
9 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2 HSD17B2 0.0023
152 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial NDUFV2 0.0023
582 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 NDUFA13 0.0023
829 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 NDUFA12 0.0023
609 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+] HPGD 0.0023
602 Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial NDUFAB1 0.0023
107 C-4 methylsterol oxidase SC4MOL 0.0023
496 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B1 ALDH3B1 0.0023
272 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 NDUFB10 0.0023
384 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 MT-ND6 0.0023
555 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial NDUFS4 0.0023
644 Heme oxygenase 2 HMOX2 0.0023
4982 Heme oxygenase 2 pbsA2 0.0023
729 GDP-L-fucose synthetase TSTA3 0.0023
3463 GDP-L-fucose synthetase fcl 0.0023
487 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 AKR1C4 0.0023
149 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ALDH7A1 0.0023
326 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A LDHAL6A 0.0023
141 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HIBADH 0.0023
180 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH 0.0023
3726 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0023
4291 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0023
206 3-keto-steroid reductase HSD17B7 0.0023
721 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 MT-ND2 0.0023
91 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial NDUFA10 0.0023
14 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial IDH3A 0.0023
50 Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating NSDHL 0.0023
335 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial NDUFA9 0.0023
616 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit beta, mitochondrial IDH3B 0.0023
671 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, testis-specific form, mitochondrial PDHA2 0.0023
628 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, somatic form, mitochondrial PDHA1 0.0023
848 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial IDH3G 0.0023
145 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 HSD11B2 0.0023
167 L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain LDHC 0.0023
608 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 MT-ND4 0.0023
539 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial NDUFV1 0.0023
34 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase DHCR7 0.0023
112 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B LDHAL6B 0.0023
662 Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 0.0023
288 Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial HADHA 0.0023
711 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase UGDH 0.0023
3672 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase hasB 0.0023
531 Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial ALDH1B1 0.0023
258 Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial ALDH6A1 0.0023
271 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH4A1 0.0023
637 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 MT-ND5 0.0023
196 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial BDH1 0.0023
643 Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme EHHADH 0.0023
548 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial NDUFS1 0.0023
393 GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein [Includes: Glucose 1-dehydrogenase H6PD 0.0023
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0022
178 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 0.0021
812 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DLD 0.0021
646 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic MDH1 0.0021
350 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 HSD17B10 0.0021
454 Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 HSD17B4 0.0021
328 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD 0.0021
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.0021
363 NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME3 0.0021
396 Alcohol dehydrogenase 4 ADH4 0.002
635 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 8 HSD17B8 0.002
666 NADP-dependent malic enzyme ME1 0.002
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.002
857 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial MDH2 0.002
6026 Alcohol dehydrogenase 6 ADH6 0.0019
419 Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HADH 0.0019
214 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial NDUFS3 0.0019
337 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial NDUFS7 0.0019
803 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial NDUFS2 0.0019
11 NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial NNT 0.0019
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.0019
839 Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADS 0.0019
12 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 ADH5 0.0019
296 Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial MTHFD2 0.0019
77 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB 0.0019
627 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase RDH5 0.0019
640 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 ALDH1A3 0.0018
626 Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 CDO1 0.0018
248 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 PYCR1 0.0018
802 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 PYCR2 0.0018
182 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial OGDH 0.0018
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0018
599 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH 0.0018
4426 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0018
4454 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0018
4489 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0018
74 Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial DLAT 0.0018
794 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific GAPDHS 0.0018
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0018
66 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type II HSD3B2 0.0018
569 Retinal dehydrogenase 2 ALDH1A2 0.0018
6861 Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] AKR1A1 0.0018
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0017
13 Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial AMT 0.0017
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0017
686 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 AKR1C2 0.0017
611 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 0.0017
57 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type I HSD3B1 0.0017
166 NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME2 0.0016
679 C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic MTHFD1 0.0016
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0016
279 Tyrosinase TYR 0.0016
654 Flavin reductase BLVRB 0.0015
170 Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH5A1 0.0015
139 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 AKR1C1 0.0015
217 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1 HSD17B1 0.0015
810 Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 0.0014
3391 Heme oxygenase 1 pbsA1 0.0014
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.0014
650 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 AKR1C3 0.0014
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0014
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0014
714 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial GSR 0.0013
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.0013
559 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 MT-ND1 0.0013
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0013
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0013
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0013
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.0012
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0012
822 Aldose reductase AKR1B1 0.0011
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