DT-Web

DB01048 - Abacavir


Identification
Name Abacavir
Accession Number DB01048 (APRD00216)
Type small molecule
Description Abacavir (ABC) is a powerful nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV and AIDS. [Wikipedia]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 286.3323
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 286.154209228
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of HIV-1 infection, in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
Mechanism of action Abacavir is a carbocyclic synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, abacavir is converted by cellular enzymes to the active metabolite carbovir triphosphate, an analogue of deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate (dGTP). Carbovir triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.
Absorption Rapid and extensive after oral administration (83% bioavailability)
Protein binding Moderate (approximately 50%)
Biotransformation Hepatic, by alcohol dehydrogenase and glucuronosyltransferase to a 5′-carboxylic acid metabolite and 5′-glucuronide metabolite, respectively. These metabolites have no antiviral activity. Abacavir is not significantly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Route of elimination Elimination of abacavir was quantified in a mass balance study following administration of a 600-mg dose of 14C-abacavir: 99% of the radioactivity was recovered, 1.2% was excreted in the urine as abacavir, 30% as the 5?-carboxylic acid metabolite, 36% as the 5?-glucuronide metabolite, and 15% as unidentified minor metabolites in the urine. Fecal elimination accounted for 16% of the dose. Fecal elimination accounted for 16% of the dose. Renal excretion of unchanged abacavir is a minor route of elimination in humans.
Toxicity Some myocardial degeneration has been noticed in rats and mice
Affected organisms
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Amprenavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Amprenavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Atazanavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Atazanavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Darunavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Darunavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Ethanol Abacavir is partly metabolized through the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme system. Alcohol increases the area under the curve (about 41%) of Abacavir. Interaction does not appear to be clinically significant.
Fosamprenavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Fosamprenavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Ganciclovir The adverse/toxic effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside), such as Abacavir, may be enhanced by Ganciclovir. There is a risk of hematologic toxicity. Diligent monitoring during concomitant therapy is required.
Indinavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Indinavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Lopinavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Lopinavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Nelfinavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Nelfinavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Ribavirin Ribavirin may increase the hepatotoxicity of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside) such as Abacavir. Lactic acidosis may occur. Consider modifying therapy.
Ribavirin Monophosphate Ribavirin Monophosphate may increase the hepatotoxicity of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside) such as Abacavir. Lactic acidosis may occur. Consider modifying therapy.
Ritonavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Ritonavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Saquinavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Saquinavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Tipranavir The serum concentration of Abacavir may be decreased by protease inhibitors such as Tipranavir. The antiviral response should be closely monitored.
Valganciclovir The adverse/toxic effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside), such as Abacavir, may be enhanced by Valganciclovir. There is a risk of hematologic toxicity. Diligent monitoring during concomitant therapy is recommended.
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
  • Abacavir is partly metabolised through the alcohol-dehydrogenase enzyme system.
  • Alcohol significantly increases abacavir's area under the curve (about 41%).
  • Avoid alcohol.

Targets


Reverse transcriptase
Name Reverse transcriptase
Gene Name Not Available
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • De Clercq E: New anti-HIV agents and targets. Med Res Rev. 2002 Nov;22(6):531-65. - Pubmed
  • Lewis RJ, Tsai FT, Wigley DB: Molecular mechanisms of drug inhibition of DNA gyrase. Bioessays. 1996 Aug;18(8):661-71. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available

Enzymes


Alcohol dehydrogenase 6
Name Alcohol dehydrogenase 6
Gene Name ADH6
Actions Not Available
References
  • -
  • Yuen GJ, Weller S, Pakes GE: A review of the pharmacokinetics of abacavir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(6):351-71. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.469
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Name UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Gene Name UGT1A1
Actions Not Available
References
  • -
  • Yuen GJ, Weller S, Pakes GE: A review of the pharmacokinetics of abacavir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(6):351-71. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.2964

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0438
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0377
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0334
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0303
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0303
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0289
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0258
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0242
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0211
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0178
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0174
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.017
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0158
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0157
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0155
838 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 IMPDH1 0.0153
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0152
796 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 IMPDH2 0.0151
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.014
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0136
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0125
26 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 FLT4 0.0125
5880 Thrombopoietin receptor MPL 0.012
32 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 FLT1 0.0119
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0116
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0113
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.011
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.011
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.011
6180 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 UGT2B4 0.0105
504 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT 0.0104
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0104
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0104
407 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 KDR 0.0096
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.0094
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0089
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0088
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0087
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0087
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0081
467 Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1 0.0081
696 Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1 0.0081
847 Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1 0.0077
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0075
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0075
4162 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 KCNQ3 0.0072
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.007
4164 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 KCNQ5 0.0069
4163 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 KCNQ4 0.0069
6102 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2 0.0069
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0068
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0068
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0067
228 Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRB 0.0065
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0065
1284 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 NR1I2 0.0057
247 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFA1 0.0056
598 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 NDUFA11 0.0056
374 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 NDUFB1 0.0056
475 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial NDUFB2 0.0056
525 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 NDUFA5 0.0056
104 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial NDUFS6 0.0056
607 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 NDUFA2 0.0056
417 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFB6 0.0056
190 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFA4 0.0056
755 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFA3 0.0056
353 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 NDUFA4L2 0.0056
602 Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial NDUFAB1 0.0056
405 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 NDUFA8 0.0056
313 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 NDUFB3 0.0056
568 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFB7 0.0056
300 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L MT-ND4L 0.0056
99 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 NDUFS5 0.0056
343 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial NDUFC1 0.0056
30 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial NDUFV3 0.0056
372 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3 HSD17B3 0.0056
446 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 NDUFA7 0.0056
219 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 MT-ND3 0.0056
41 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial NDUFS8 0.0056
384 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 MT-ND6 0.0056
236 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 NDUFA6 0.0056
324 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 NDUFB4 0.0056
582 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 NDUFA13 0.0056
829 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 NDUFA12 0.0056
145 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 HSD11B2 0.0056
609 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+] HPGD 0.0056
107 C-4 methylsterol oxidase SC4MOL 0.0056
272 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 NDUFB10 0.0056
555 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial NDUFS4 0.0056
644 Heme oxygenase 2 HMOX2 0.0056
4982 Heme oxygenase 2 pbsA2 0.0056
656 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 NDUFB9 0.0056
729 GDP-L-fucose synthetase TSTA3 0.0056
3463 GDP-L-fucose synthetase fcl 0.0056
487 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 AKR1C4 0.0056
746 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial NDUFB8 0.0056
167 L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain LDHC 0.0056
270 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial NDUFB5 0.0056
141 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HIBADH 0.0056
288 Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial HADHA 0.0056
206 3-keto-steroid reductase HSD17B7 0.0056
196 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial BDH1 0.0056
231 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+], cytoplasmic GPD1 0.0056
91 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial NDUFA10 0.0056
14 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial IDH3A 0.0056
335 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial NDUFA9 0.0056
112 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B LDHAL6B 0.0056
216 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B2 ALDH3B2 0.0056
9 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2 HSD17B2 0.0056
671 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, testis-specific form, mitochondrial PDHA2 0.0056
628 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, somatic form, mitochondrial PDHA1 0.0056
848 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial IDH3G 0.0056
152 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial NDUFV2 0.0056
608 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 MT-ND4 0.0056
643 Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme EHHADH 0.0056
539 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial NDUFV1 0.0056
496 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B1 ALDH3B1 0.0056
34 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase DHCR7 0.0056
662 Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 0.0056
711 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase UGDH 0.0056
3672 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase hasB 0.0056
149 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ALDH7A1 0.0056
531 Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial ALDH1B1 0.0056
180 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH 0.0056
3726 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0056
4291 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0056
258 Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial ALDH6A1 0.0056
271 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH4A1 0.0056
326 L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A LDHAL6A 0.0056
637 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 MT-ND5 0.0056
393 GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein [Includes: Glucose 1-dehydrogenase H6PD 0.0056
721 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 MT-ND2 0.0056
50 Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating NSDHL 0.0056
616 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit beta, mitochondrial IDH3B 0.0056
548 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial NDUFS1 0.0056
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.0055
579 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain ADH7 0.0054
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0054
890 Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 NPC1L1 0.0054
816 Biliverdin reductase A BLVRA 0.0053
316 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH9A1 0.0053
792 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring ALDH3A1 0.0053
4752 Peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase PECR 0.0052
2751 Holliday junction ATP-dependent DNA helicase ruvB ruvB 0.0052
4755 Holliday junction ATP-dependent DNA helicase ruvB ruvB 0.0052
950 Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRA 0.0049
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0048
6288 Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase ACP1 0.0048
1760 Aminopeptidase N ANPEP 0.0047
6843 Aminopeptidase N pepN 0.0047
635 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 8 HSD17B8 0.0047
6832 Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRPK2 SRPK2 0.0046
666 NADP-dependent malic enzyme ME1 0.0046
117 Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 SOAT1 0.0046
646 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic MDH1 0.0046
350 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 HSD17B10 0.0046
178 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 0.0046
812 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DLD 0.0046
454 Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 HSD17B4 0.0045
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0045
396 Alcohol dehydrogenase 4 ADH4 0.0045
328 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD 0.0044
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.0043
296 Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial MTHFD2 0.0043
6179 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 UGT2B17 0.0043
40 RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase RAF1 0.0043
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0043
363 NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME3 0.0043
4692 A/G-specific adenine glycosylase mutY 0.0043
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.0042
337 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial NDUFS7 0.0042
214 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial NDUFS3 0.0042
11 NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial NNT 0.0042
803 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial NDUFS2 0.0042
248 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 PYCR1 0.0042
802 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 PYCR2 0.0042
627 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase RDH5 0.0042
640 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 ALDH1A3 0.0042
4606 Purine trans deoxyribosylase ptd 0.0042
419 Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HADH 0.0042
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0042
626 Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 CDO1 0.0041
857 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial MDH2 0.0041
182 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial OGDH 0.0041
839 Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADS 0.0041
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0041
4177 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ret RET 0.0041
3804 Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha SCN4A 0.0041
3679 MTA/SAH nucleosidase mtnN 0.004
1958 S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase MTAP 0.004
775 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 ACACB 0.004
12 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 ADH5 0.0039
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0039
599 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH 0.0039
4426 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0039
4454 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0039
4489 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0039
66 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type II HSD3B2 0.0039
77 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB 0.0038
128 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase APRT 0.0038
569 Retinal dehydrogenase 2 ALDH1A2 0.0038
13 Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial AMT 0.0038
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0038
3854 Basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 FGFR1 0.0038
794 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific GAPDHS 0.0037
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0037
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0037
698 B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase BRAF 0.0037
57 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type I HSD3B1 0.0037
3856 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 FGFR3 0.0037
6861 Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] AKR1A1 0.0037
1630 Integrin beta-2 ITGB2 0.0036
74 Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial DLAT 0.0036
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0036
686 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 AKR1C2 0.0036
2450 Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK ITK 0.0035
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0035
611 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 0.0035
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0034
679 C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic MTHFD1 0.0034
6085 Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal FABP2 0.0034
279 Tyrosinase TYR 0.0033
170 Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH5A1 0.0033
166 NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME2 0.0032
844 Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR 0.0032
102 DNA topoisomerase I, mitochondrial TOP1MT 0.0032
654 Flavin reductase BLVRB 0.0032
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0031
2264 Nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase cobT 0.0031
217 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1 HSD17B1 0.003
2981 Phospholipase A2, membrane associated PLA2G2A 0.003
139 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 AKR1C1 0.003
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.003
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.003
6044 Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 PON3 0.0029
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0029
2021 Thrombomodulin THBD 0.0028
810 Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 0.0028
3391 Heme oxygenase 1 pbsA1 0.0028
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0028
650 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 AKR1C3 0.0028
5798 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 MAPK11 0.0028
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0028
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0027
572 Integrin alpha-L ITGAL 0.0027
559 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 MT-ND1 0.0027
1353 DNA topoisomerase 1 TOP1 0.0027
3552 DNA topoisomerase 1 topA 0.0027
1192 Sulfotransferase 1A1 SULT1A1 0.0027
70 Type-1 angiotensin II receptor AGTR1 0.0026
714 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial GSR 0.0026
267 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 SERPINE1 0.0026
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0026
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.0026
1275 Estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1 0.0025
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0025
4122 Histone deacetylase 2 HDAC2 0.0025
760 Fibroblast growth factor 1 FGF1 0.0025
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0025
3802 Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha SCN2A 0.0025
1050 Bile salt sulfotransferase SULT2A1 0.0024
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0024
4192 DNA topoisomerase 2-beta TOP2B 0.0024
6221 Steroid hormone receptor ERR1 ESRRA 0.0024
811 Translocator protein TSPO 0.0024
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.0023
908 Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 GSTT1 0.0023
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0023
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0022
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0022
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0022
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0022
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0022
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0022
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0022
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0022
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0022
3937 Fatty-acid amide hydrolase FAAH 0.0022
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0022
936 Ephrin type-A receptor 2 EPHA2 0.0021
6042 Prostaglandin reductase 2 PTGR2 0.0021
822 Aldose reductase AKR1B1 0.0021
6220 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR 0.0021
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0021
5787 Angiopoietin-1 receptor TEK 0.0021
165 FL cytokine receptor FLT3 0.0021
1457 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 ACSL4 0.0021
823 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 FGFR2 0.002
6206 DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' rpoC 0.002
1792 Tissue-type plasminogen activator PLAT 0.002
389 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal ACCN2 0.0019
6043 Putative G-protein coupled receptor 44 GPR44 0.0019
2184 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR 0.0019
841 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 GABRA6 0.0019
273 Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 BCL2 0.0019
530 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 GABRA4 0.0019
3809 Estrogen-related receptor gamma ESRRG 0.0019
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0019
284 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta chain rpoB 0.0018
5773 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta chain rpoB 0.0018
580 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 GABRA3 0.0018
523 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 GABRA5 0.0018
423 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 GABRA2 0.0018
817 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha TOP2A 0.0018
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0017
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0016
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0016
1313 Lactoylglutathione lyase GLO1 0.0016
6155 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11 ABCC11 0.0016
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.0016
4099 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 GABRB3 0.0016
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0014
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0014
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0014
952 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 0.0014
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0013
756 Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG 0.0013
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0013
869 Estrogen receptor beta ESR2 0.0011
373 Transthyretin TTR 0.0011
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.001
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0009
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0009
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