Identification
Name Alvimopan
Accession Number DB06274
Type small molecule
Description Alvimopan is a peripherally acting ? opioid antagonist. It is used to avoid postoperative ileus following small or large bowel resection and accelerates the gastrointestinal recovery period.
Structure
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 424.5326
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 424.236207522
Pharmacology
Indication Used to accelerate the time to upper and lower gastrointestinal recovery following partial large or small bowel resection surgery with primary anastomosis. Also investigated for use in the treatment of pain (acute or chronic).
Mechanism of action Alvimopan competitively binds to mu-opioid receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike methylnaltrexone (another peripherally acting mu-receptor antagonist) that bears a quaternary amine, alvimopan owes its selectivity for peripheral receptors to its kinetics. Alvimopan binds to peripheral mu-receptors with a Ki of 0.2 ng/mL and dissociates slower than most other ligands.
Absorption Alvimopan's high affinity for the peripheral mu-receptor results in an absolute oral bioavailability of less than 7%.
Protein binding 80% to 90% of systemically available alvimopan is bound to plasma protein.
Biotransformation Alvimopan undergoes no significant hepatic metabolism, but is metabolized by intestinal flora. Gut metabolism produces an active metabolite with no clinically significant contribution to drug effect.
Route of elimination Biliary secretion was considered the primary pathway for alvimopan elimination. Unabsorbed drug and unchanged alvimopan resulting from biliary excretion were then hydrolyzed to its 'metabolite' by gut microflora. Feces (via biliary excretion) & urine (35%)
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Alfentanil Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Amiodarone Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Atorvastatin Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Buprenorphine Opioids like buprenorphine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Alvimopan. This is most notable for patients receiving long-term (i.e., more than 7 days) opiates prior to alvimopan initiation. Consider therapy modification.
Butorphanol Opioid analgesics such as butorphanol may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of alvimopan. This is most notable for patients receiving long-term (i.e., more than 7 days) opiates prior to alvimopan initiation. According to alvimopan prescribing information, alvimopan is contraindicated in patients receiving therapeutic doses of opioids for more than 7 consecutive days immediately prior to alvimopan initiation. Monitor for increased alvimopan adverse effects in patients using opioids prior to alvimopan.
Clarithromycin Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Clotrimazole Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Codeine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Dextromoramide Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Dezocine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Difenoxin Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Dihydrocodeine Opioids may enhance Alvimopan toxicity, especially when opiate use for more than 7 days is in place prior to alvimopan initiation. Alvimopan is contraindicated for use if patients have been dosed with opioids for more than 7 consecutive days.
Diphenoxylate Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Dipipanone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Fentanyl Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Heroin Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Hydrocodone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Hydromorphone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Ivacaftor Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Levomethadyl Acetate Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Levorphanol Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Meperidine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Methadone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Morphine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Nalbuphine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Oxycodone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Oxymorphone Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Papaverine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Pentazocine Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Propoxyphene Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Quinidine Decreases levels by P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) efflux transporter. Can significantly increase systemic exposure to P-glycoprotein substrates.
Sufentanil Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Tapentadol Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Tramadol Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Food Interactions Not Available
Mu-type opioid receptor
Name Mu-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRM1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Kraft MD: Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 Suppl 13):S13-20. - Pubmed
  • Buchler MW, Seiler CM, Monson JR, Flamant Y, Thompson-Fawcett MW, Byrne MM, Mortensen ER, Altman JF, Williamson R: Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of postoperative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Mar 28. - Pubmed
  • Saufl NM, Strzyzewski N: Nurses are everywhere: a practical perspective on the surgical team in managing postoperative ileus. J Perianesth Nurs. 2006 Apr;21(2A Suppl):S24-9. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
  • Neary P, Delaney CP: Alvimopan. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Apr;14(4):479-88. - Pubmed
  • Schmidt WK: Alvimopan* (ADL 8-2698) is a novel peripheral opioid antagonist. Am J Surg. 2001 Nov;182(5A Suppl):27S-38S. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9578
Kappa-type opioid receptor
Name Kappa-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRK1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Beattie DT, Cheruvu M, Mai N, O'Keefe M, Johnson-Rabidoux S, Peterson C, Kaufman E, Vickery R: The in vitro pharmacology of the peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonists, alvimopan, ADL 08-0011 and methylnaltrexone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 May;375(3):205-20. Epub 2007 Mar 6. - Pubmed
  • Neary P, Delaney CP: Alvimopan. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Apr;14(4):479-88. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7602
Delta-type opioid receptor
Name Delta-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRD1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Neary P, Delaney CP: Alvimopan. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Apr;14(4):479-88. - Pubmed
  • Beattie DT, Cheruvu M, Mai N, O'Keefe M, Johnson-Rabidoux S, Peterson C, Kaufman E, Vickery R: The in vitro pharmacology of the peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonists, alvimopan, ADL 08-0011 and methylnaltrexone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 May;375(3):205-20. Epub 2007 Mar 6. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7831
Id Partner name Gene Name Score
1716 Tripartite motif-containing protein 13 TRIM13 0.115
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.1082
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.1049
1262 Corticotropin-lipotropin POMC 0.0832
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0588
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0474
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0443
4137 Nociceptin receptor OPRL1 0.0389
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0385
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.0343
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0338
174 Sigma 1-type opioid receptor SIGMAR1 0.0337
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0291
6180 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 UGT2B4 0.0287
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0278
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0247
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.024
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.0188
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0186
5838 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3 TRPV3 0.0176
2162 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 TRPM8 0.0176
1944 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 TRPA1 0.0176
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0168
1291 cAMP response element-binding protein CREB1 0.0166
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0164
4210 Toll-like receptor 4 TLR4 0.015
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.014
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0137
392 Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A CACNA1A 0.0136
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0127
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0121
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0118
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.0113
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0107
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.01
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0097
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0094
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.009
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0088
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0084
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.0082
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0079
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0079
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0065
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.006
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0058
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0055
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0053
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0051
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0048
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0046
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0045
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0045
6100 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2 0.0044
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0044
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0043
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0041
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0039
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0039
94 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor HTR4 0.0035
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0035
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0034
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0033
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0033
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0033
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0027
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0025
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0023
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0022
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0021
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0019
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0018
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0018