DT-Web

DB01452 - Heroin


Identification
Name Heroin
Accession Number DB01452
Type small molecule
Description A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed) Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is illegal to manufacture, possess, or sell heroin in the United States and the UK. However, under the name diamorphine, heroin is a legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 369.411
Groups illicit
Monoisotopic Weight 369.157622851
Pharmacology
Indication Used in the treatment of acute pain, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, and chronic pain.
Mechanism of action Heroin is a mu-opioid agonist. It acts on endogenous mu-opioid receptors that are spread in discrete packets throughout the brain, spinal cord and gut in almost all mammals. Heroin, along with other opioids, are agonists to four endogenous neurotransmitters. They are beta-endorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, and met-enkephalin. The body responds to heroin in the brain by reducing (and sometimes stopping) production of the endogenous opioids when heroin is present. Endorphins are regularly released in the brain and nerves, attenuating pain. Their other functions are still obscure, but are probably related to the effects produced by heroin besides analgesia (antitussin, anti-diarrheal).
Absorption Bioavailability is less than 35%.
Protein binding 0% (morphine metabolite 35%)
Biotransformation Hepatic.
Route of elimination 90% renal as glucuronides, rest biliary
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Alvimopan Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Cimetidine Cimetidine increases the effect of the narcotic
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol
  • To avoid constipation: increase your daily intake of fiber (beans, whole grains, vegetables).

Targets


Mu-type opioid receptor
Name Mu-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRM1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Greenwald MK, Johanson CE, Moody DE, Woods JH, Kilbourn MR, Koeppe RA, Schuster CR, Zubieta JK: Effects of buprenorphine maintenance dose on mu-opioid receptor availability, plasma concentrations, and antagonist blockade in heroin-dependent volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Nov;28(11):2000-9. - Pubmed
  • Becker J, Schmidt P, Musshoff F, Fitzenreiter M, Madea B: MOR1 receptor mRNA expression in human brains of drug-related fatalities-a real-time PCR quantification. Forensic Sci Int. 2004 Feb 10;140(1):13-20. - Pubmed
  • Yao L, McFarland K, Fan P, Jiang Z, Inoue Y, Diamond I: Activator of G protein signaling 3 regulates opiate activation of protein kinase A signaling and relapse of heroin-seeking behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 14;102(24):8746-51. Epub 2005 Jun 3. - Pubmed
  • Antonilli L, Petecchia E, Caprioli D, Badiani A, Nencini P: Effect of repeated administrations of heroin, naltrexone, methadone, and alcohol on morphine glucuronidation in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;182(1):58-64. Epub 2005 Sep 29. - Pubmed
  • Choi HS, Kim CS, Hwang CK, Song KY, Wang W, Qiu Y, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH: The opioid ligand binding of human mu-opioid receptor is modulated by novel splice variants of the receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1132-40. Epub 2006 Mar 23. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9578
Kappa-type opioid receptor
Name Kappa-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRK1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions agonist
References
  • Wee S, Koob GF: The role of the dynorphin-kappa opioid system in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Jun;210(2):121-35. Epub 2010 Mar 30. - Pubmed
  • Klein G, Juni A, Arout CA, Waxman AR, Inturrisi CE, Kest B: Acute and chronic heroin dependence in mice: contribution of opioid and excitatory amino acid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 May 31;586(1-3):179-88. Epub 2008 Feb 19. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7602
Delta-type opioid receptor
Name Delta-type opioid receptor
Gene Name OPRD1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions agonist
References
  • Klein G, Juni A, Arout CA, Waxman AR, Inturrisi CE, Kest B: Acute and chronic heroin dependence in mice: contribution of opioid and excitatory amino acid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 May 31;586(1-3):179-88. Epub 2008 Feb 19. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
  • Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C: Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog Neurobiol. 2002 Apr;66(5):285-306. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7831

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
1716 Tripartite motif-containing protein 13 TRIM13 0.115
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.1082
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.1049
1262 Corticotropin-lipotropin POMC 0.0832
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0588
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0474
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0443
4137 Nociceptin receptor OPRL1 0.0389
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0385
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.0343
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0338
174 Sigma 1-type opioid receptor SIGMAR1 0.0337
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0291
6180 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 UGT2B4 0.0287
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0278
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0247
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.024
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.0188
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0186
5838 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3 TRPV3 0.0176
2162 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 TRPM8 0.0176
1944 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 TRPA1 0.0176
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0168
1291 cAMP response element-binding protein CREB1 0.0166
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0164
4210 Toll-like receptor 4 TLR4 0.015
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.014
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0137
392 Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A CACNA1A 0.0136
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0127
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0121
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0118
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.0113
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0107
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.01
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0097
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0094
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.009
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0088
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0084
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.0082
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0079
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0079
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0065
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.006
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0058
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0055
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0053
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0051
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0048
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0046
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0045
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0045
6100 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2 0.0044
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0044
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0043
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0041
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0039
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0039
94 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor HTR4 0.0035
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0035
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0034
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0033
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0033
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0033
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0027
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0025
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0023
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0022
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0021
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0019
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0018
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0018
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