DT-Web

DB00466 - Picrotoxin


Identification
Name Picrotoxin
Accession Number DB00466 (APRD00269)
Type small molecule
Description A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates. [PubChem]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 602.5832
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 602.199941174
Pharmacology
Indication Used internally for relieving respiratory distress. Also for use as an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially barbiturates.
Mechanism of action Picrotoxin antagonizes the GABAA receptor channel directly, which is a ligand-gated ion channel concerned chiefly with the passing of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Therefore picrotoxin prevents Cl- channel permeability and thus promtes an inhibitory influence on the target neuron. Picrotoxin reduces conductance through the channel by reducing not only the opening frequency but also the mean open time. Picrotoxin also antagonizes GABAC receptors (also called GABAA-rho receptors) but the result of this action is not known. The GABAC receptor is also linked to chloride channels, with distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. In contrast to the fast and transient responses elicited from GABAA receptors, GABAC receptors mediate slow and sustained responses.
Absorption Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50 = 15 mg/kg. In large doses it is a powerful poison, causing unconsciousness, delirium, convulsions, gastro-enteritis and stimulation of the respiratory centre followed by paralysis, from which death sometimes results.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1
Name Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1
Gene Name GABRR1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Law RJ, Lightstone FC: Gaba receptor insecticide non-competitive antagonists may bind at allosteric modulator sites. Int J Neurosci. 2008 May;118(5):705-34. - Pubmed
  • Richter D, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W: Intrinsic activation of GABA receptors suppresses epileptiform activity in the cerebral cortex of immature mice. Epilepsia. 2010 May 14. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.1965
Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Name Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Gene Name GABRA1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Law RJ, Lightstone FC: Gaba receptor insecticide non-competitive antagonists may bind at allosteric modulator sites. Int J Neurosci. 2008 May;118(5):705-34. - Pubmed
  • Richter D, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W: Intrinsic activation of GABA receptors suppresses epileptiform activity in the cerebral cortex of immature mice. Epilepsia. 2010 May 14. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3359
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
Name Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
Gene Name GLRA2
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Yang Z, Cromer BA, Harvey RJ, Parker MW, Lynch JW: A proposed structural basis for picrotoxinin and picrotin binding in the glycine receptor pore. J Neurochem. 2007 Oct;103(2):580-9. Epub 2007 Aug 20. - Pubmed
  • Wang DS, Buckinx R, Lecorronc H, Mangin JM, Rigo JM, Legendre P: Mechanisms for picrotoxinin and picrotin blocks of alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 1;282(22):16016-35. Epub 2007 Apr 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3475
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
Name Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
Gene Name GLRA3
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Yang Z, Cromer BA, Harvey RJ, Parker MW, Lynch JW: A proposed structural basis for picrotoxinin and picrotin binding in the glycine receptor pore. J Neurochem. 2007 Oct;103(2):580-9. Epub 2007 Aug 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3733

Enzymes


Cytochrome P450 1A1
Name Cytochrome P450 1A1
Gene Name CYP1A1
Actions inducer
References
  • Sadar MD, Ash R, Andersson TB: Picrotoxin is a CYP1A1 inducer in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Sep 25;214(3):1060-6. - Pubmed
  • Sadar MD, Westlind A, Blomstrand F, Andersson TB: Induction of CYP1A1 by GABA receptor ligands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Dec 4;229(1):231-7. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.2316
Glutamine synthetase
Name Glutamine synthetase
Gene Name GLUL
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Loscher W, Frey HH: Effect of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents on level and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1977 Feb;296(3):263-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.4201

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.4201
4098 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1 GABRB1 0.1588
62 Glycine receptor subunit beta GLRB 0.1581
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.1561
523 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 GABRA5 0.1196
423 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 GABRA2 0.1187
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.1169
580 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 GABRA3 0.1145
4099 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 GABRB3 0.1101
6086 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 GABRG2 0.0989
6092 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 GABRR2 0.0956
6115 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 GABRR3 0.0932
6087 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 GABRG1 0.0905
6093 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta GABRD 0.0904
6089 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon GABRE 0.0901
6088 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 GABRG3 0.0892
6090 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi GABRP 0.089
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0876
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0866
530 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 GABRA4 0.0756
841 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 GABRA6 0.0731
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0653
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0624
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0578
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0578
6091 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta GABRQ 0.0542
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0531
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0455
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0428
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0385
811 Translocator protein TSPO 0.038
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0348
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0347
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0336
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.0334
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0334
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0328
85 Growth hormone receptor GHR 0.0319
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0301
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.028
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0276
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0274
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0273
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.026
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0253
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0251
610 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1 KCNMA1 0.0239
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0232
606 Cytochrome P450 27, mitochondrial CYP27A1 0.0228
4058 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2 GLYATL2 0.0222
4057 Glycine N-acyltransferase GLYAT 0.0222
4059 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1 GLYATL1 0.0222
4056 N-arachidonyl glycine receptor GPR18 0.0222
4060 Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter SLC32A1 0.0222
4061 Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase PIPOX 0.0222
4055 Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase BAAT 0.0222
1466 Glycyl-tRNA synthetase GARS 0.0222
1236 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 SLC6A9 0.0222
1088 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial ALAS2 0.0222
4062 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 SLC6A5 0.0222
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0219
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0211
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.021
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0199
806 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase alpha-1 chain ATP1A1 0.0187
466 Solute carrier family 12 member 3 SLC12A3 0.0184
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.0183
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.018
575 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial GCAT 0.0179
455 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial ALAS1 0.0179
681 Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], mitochondrial GLDC 0.0179
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0176
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0175
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0174
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0168
4054 Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial GCSH 0.0165
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.0165
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0162
3884 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0162
3901 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0162
3885 Hypothetical protein DKFZp686P09201 DKFZp686P09201 0.0162
3879 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 Not Available 0.0162
321 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial SHMT2 0.0162
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0159
207 Glutathione synthetase GSS 0.0156
5269 Glutathione synthetase gshB 0.0156
114 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial AGXT2 0.0156
411 Glycine N-methyltransferase GNMT 0.0155
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0154
240 Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor, subunit 1 GABBR1 0.0151
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0146
383 Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial GATM 0.0146
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0146
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.0144
159 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0143
6121 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0143
349 Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase AGXT 0.0139
6017 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial CYP11A1 0.0139
593 Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 SLC36A1 0.0139
241 Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 ATP2C1 0.0138
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0138
317 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase SEPX1 0.0135
480 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2 MSRB2 0.0135
3996 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 BHMT2 0.0134
3921 Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta MAT2B 0.0134
3995 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial MARS2 0.0134
600 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic MARS 0.0134
367 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic SHMT1 0.0134
537 ATP synthase delta chain, mitochondrial ATP5D 0.0132
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0124
559 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 MT-ND1 0.0124
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0122
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.0119
48 Pyridoxal kinase PDXK 0.0116
191 Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase MSRA 0.0114
334 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2 MAT2A 0.0112
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0108
941 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 BHMT 0.0108
453 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1 MAT1A 0.0103
840 Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial MTRR 0.01
3984 Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial PET112L 0.0098
5 Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial GLS2 0.0098
917 Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial GLS 0.0098
355 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] GMPS 0.0098
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.0098
3991 Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase NADSYN1 0.0098
3982 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase PFAS 0.0098
5261 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase purL 0.0098
809 Methionine synthase MTR 0.0094
2935 Methionine synthase metH 0.0094
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0089
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0086
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0085
6014 Cytochrome P450 2A13 CYP2A13 0.0084
605 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0083
2709 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit SO_0970 0.0083
3673 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit fccA 0.0083
4912 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit ifcA 0.0083
6549 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0083
3985 Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2 GFPT2 0.0083
3983 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 TGM5 0.0083
3990 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 4 TGM4 0.0083
3986 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 TGM6 0.0083
1008 CTP synthase 1 CTPS 0.0083
3989 Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase QARS 0.0083
3988 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K TGM1 0.0083
3992 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Z TGM7 0.0083
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0082
2499 Tubulin beta-2C chain TUBB2C 0.0079
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0078
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0078
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0078
777 Tumor necrosis factor TNF 0.0077
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0077
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0076
2795 Methionine aminopeptidase 2 METAP2 0.0075
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.0074
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0073
613 Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A NPR1 0.0072
2449 Tubulin alpha-3 chain TUBA1A 0.0072
172 Potassium channel subfamily K member 1 KCNK1 0.0071
263 Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) SLC1A5 0.007
1596 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 TGM2 0.007
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.007
4209 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 KCNJ8 0.0069
413 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase PPAT 0.0068
2515 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0068
3714 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.0068
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0067
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0067
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0067
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.0066
6 Coagulation factor XIII A chain F13A1 0.0066
3971 CAD protein [Includes: Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase CAD 0.0065
314 System N amino acid transporter 1 SLC38A3 0.0064
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0062
964 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H CACNA1H 0.0062
385 Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 ATP4A 0.006
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0059
866 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 SLC7A8 0.0059
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0058
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0058
790 DNA polymerase subunit alpha B POLA2 0.0058
2339 Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E TGM3 0.0058
301 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1 CCBL1 0.0056
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0056
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0055
805 Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial CYP11B1 0.0054
80 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha PPARA 0.0054
6339 Ig kappa chain V-II region RPMI 6410 Not Available 0.0052
6023 Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial CYP11B2 0.0052
6102 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2 0.0052
871 Glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 0.0052
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0051
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0051
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.005
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.005
1680 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 SLC2A1 0.0049
1638 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 SLC2A2 0.0048
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0047
3932 Glutathione S-transferase A2 GSTA2 0.0047
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.0047
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0047
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0046
1502 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta PPARD 0.0046
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0046
1820 Beta-nerve growth factor NGF 0.0044
4228 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7 KRT7 0.0044
15 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I CACNA1I 0.0043
1714 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MAPK3 0.0041
276 Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 SLC6A1 0.0041
535 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G CACNA1G 0.0041
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.004
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.004
6766 O-GlcNAcase BT_4395 BT_4395 0.004
2981 Phospholipase A2, membrane associated PLA2G2A 0.0039
4146 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma PIK3R3 0.0039
4145 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta PIK3R2 0.0039
592 Carbonic anhydrase 4 CA4 0.0039
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0038
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0038
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.0038
1176 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MAPK1 0.0038
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.0037
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.0037
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.0037
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0036
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.0035
6104 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 FMO1 0.0034
844 Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR 0.0034
4203 Histamine N-methyltransferase HNMT 0.0034
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0034
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0034
1281 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha PIK3R1 0.0033
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0033
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0033
1010 Cytochrome P450 51A1 CYP51A1 0.0033
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0032
787 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 VKORC1 0.0032
3937 Fatty-acid amide hydrolase FAAH 0.003
4024 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 SLC25A18 0.003
4026 Aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPEP 0.003
4025 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 0.003
4021 Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial EARS2 0.003
1047 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 SLC1A2 0.003
926 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 GRM7 0.003
4023 N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial NAGS 0.003
4016 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 SLC1A7 0.003
4019 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 SLC1A6 0.003
4022 Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1 LGSN 0.003
1912 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 SLC1A3 0.003
927 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 0.003
915 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 0.003
4017 5-oxoprolinase OPLAH 0.003
922 Glutamate receptor 4 GRIA4 0.003
925 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 GRM4 0.003
924 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 GRIK3 0.003
919 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 GRIK4 0.003
4020 Glutamyl aminopeptidase ENPEP 0.003
920 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 GRIK5 0.003
4018 Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit GRID2 0.003
4027 Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit GRID1 0.003
664 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.003
3890 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.003
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.003
2112 Toll-like receptor 9 TLR9 0.0029
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0029
6220 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR 0.0029
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0028
6146 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 0.0028
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0027
4311 tRNA TRDMT1 0.0027
4325 tRNA trmD 0.0027
4328 tRNA trmD 0.0027
2236 Casein kinase II subunit alpha CSNK2A1 0.0027
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0026
106 Cannabinoid receptor 2 CNR2 0.0026
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0026
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.0026
668 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GCLM 0.0026
1787 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit NFKB1 0.0026
625 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 FOLH1 0.0025
665 Phosphoserine aminotransferase PSAT1 0.0025
4652 Phosphoserine aminotransferase serC 0.0025
801 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial AADAT 0.0025
3895 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 CCBL2 0.0025
420 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0025
3900 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0025
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0025
68 Cannabinoid receptor 1 CNR1 0.0025
6043 Putative G-protein coupled receptor 44 GPR44 0.0024
462 Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 KCNN4 0.0024
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0024
817 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha TOP2A 0.0024
569 Retinal dehydrogenase 2 ALDH1A2 0.0024
16 Adenosine A1 receptor ADORA1 0.0024
6150 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 SLCO4C1 0.0024
916 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 0.0024
1178 Adenosine A2a receptor ADORA2A 0.0023
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0023
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0023
1671 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 SLC1A1 0.0023
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.0023
1569 G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 CCND1 0.0023
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0023
3877 Growth-inhibiting protein 18 GIG18 0.0023
923 Glutamate receptor 3 GRIA3 0.0023
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0023
204 cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase PDE5A 0.0023
611 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 0.0022
84 Nuclear receptor 0B1 NR0B1 0.0022
773 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial FPGS 0.0022
763 Tyrosine aminotransferase TAT 0.0022
5493 Tyrosine aminotransferase Not Available 0.0022
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0022
426 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2 0.0022
914 Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase FTCD 0.0022
1192 Sulfotransferase 1A1 SULT1A1 0.0022
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0022
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0022
5934 Cytochrome P450 26A1 CYP26A1 0.0022
522 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 PSMD2 0.0021
515 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 PSMD1 0.0021
373 Transthyretin TTR 0.0021
210 Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase EPRS 0.0021
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0021
823 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 FGFR2 0.0021
586 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic GOT1 0.0021
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.002
795 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial BCAT2 0.002
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.002
574 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic BCAT1 0.002
1284 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 NR1I2 0.0019
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0019
1629 Transcription factor AP-1 JUN 0.0019
3804 Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha SCN4A 0.0019
541 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B PDE4B 0.0019
581 Cytochrome P450 2R1 CYP2R1 0.0019
122 P2Y purinoceptor 12 P2RY12 0.0019
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0019
6038 Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma PDE6H 0.0019
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0019
3830 Calreticulin CALR 0.0018
2038 Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta IKBKB 0.0018
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.0018
1992 Vitamin D-binding protein GC 0.0018
476 RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT1 0.0018
3610 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic TXNRD1 0.0018
762 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1 0.0017
6034 Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase ASMT 0.0017
6035 Nuclear receptor ROR-beta RORB 0.0017
6036 Eosinophil peroxidase EPX 0.0017
6037 Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma PDE6G 0.0017
976 Platelet glycoprotein IX GP9 0.0017
400 Coagulation factor IX F9 0.0017
5461 Coagulation factor IX F9 0.0017
1374 Natriuretic peptides B NPPB 0.0017
1827 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 0.0017
1908 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 VCAM1 0.0017
514 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 KCNH6 0.0017
772 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 KCNH7 0.0017
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0017
477 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0016
886 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0016
6226 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0016
935 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes YES1 0.0016
1063 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B STAT5B 0.0016
4103 Proteasome subunit beta type 2 PSMB2 0.0016
4102 Proteasome subunit beta type 5 PSMB5 0.0016
4101 Proteasome subunit beta type 1 PSMB1 0.0016
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0016
404 DNA gyrase subunit A gyrA 0.0016
6224 DNA gyrase subunit A gyrA 0.0016
814 Ryanodine receptor 1 RYR1 0.0016
6182 Cytochrome P450 2J2 CYP2J2 0.0016
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.0016
822 Aldose reductase AKR1B1 0.0016
4081 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1 VKORC1L1 0.0015
604 Vitamin K-dependent protein Z PROZ 0.0015
1768 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) gamma-2 subunit GNG2 0.0015
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.0015
1581 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 KCNJ6 0.0015
1268 Neuropeptide S receptor NPSR1 0.0015
1571 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ3 0.0015
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0015
6046 Voltage-gated calcium channel beta 1 subunit splice variant CavB1d CACNB1 0.0015
765 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase IDO1 0.0015
4160 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 CACNA2D2 0.0015
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0015
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0014
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0014
770 Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 GPRC5A 0.0014
719 Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 1 RARRES1 0.0014
934 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn FYN 0.0014
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.0014
268 Adenosine A2b receptor ADORA2B 0.0014
422 Vitamin K-dependent protein C PROC 0.0014
1245 Vitamin K-dependent protein S PROS1 0.0014
571 Melatonin receptor type 1A MTNR1A 0.0014
362 Melatonin receptor type 1B MTNR1B 0.0014
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0014
6073 Potassium channel subfamily K member 9 KCNK9 0.0014
6072 Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 KCNK3 0.0014
936 Ephrin type-A receptor 2 EPHA2 0.0013
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0013
6124 Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial CA5B 0.0013
856 Vitamin D3 receptor VDR 0.0013
6045 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 CACNA2D3 0.0013
484 Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 ABL2 0.0013
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0013
561 Retinol-binding protein II, cellular RBP2 0.0013
35 Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4 DHRS4 0.0013
4073 Retinol dehydrogenase 11 RDH11 0.0013
4074 Retinol dehydrogenase 14 RDH14 0.0013
1097 Lecithin retinol acyltransferase LRAT 0.0013
589 Retinoid-binding protein 7 RBP7 0.0013
753 Retinol-binding protein III, cellular RBP5 0.0013
4071 Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 DHRS3 0.0013
4075 Photoreceptor outer segment all-trans retinol dehydrogenase RDH8 0.0013
863 Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein RLBP1 0.0013
800 Retinol dehydrogenase 12 RDH12 0.0013
282 Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein RBP3 0.0013
651 Retinol dehydrogenase 13 RDH13 0.0013
4072 All-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase RETSAT 0.0013
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0013
6131 Carbonic anhydrase 14 CA14 0.0013
756 Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG 0.0013
183 Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA 0.0013
5251 Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 CBR1 0.0013
4192 DNA topoisomerase 2-beta TOP2B 0.0013
6163 Copper-transporting ATPase 2 ATP7B 0.0013
6165 Copper-transporting ATPase 1 ATP7A 0.0013
267 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 SERPINE1 0.0012
228 Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRB 0.0012
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0012
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0012
997 Protein kinase C beta type PRKCB 0.0012
6122 Carbonic anhydrase 3 CA3 0.0012
4122 Histone deacetylase 2 HDAC2 0.0012
3802 Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha SCN2A 0.0012
1275 Estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1 0.0012
331 Retinol-binding protein I, cellular RBP1 0.0012
4152 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD1 0.0012
869 Estrogen receptor beta ESR2 0.0012
634 Squalene monooxygenase SQLE 0.0011
7196 Squalene monooxygenase ERG1 0.0011
6123 Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial CA5A 0.0011
908 Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 GSTT1 0.0011
4114 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 CACNB3 0.0011
4112 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 CACNB4 0.0011
627 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase RDH5 0.0011
640 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 ALDH1A3 0.0011
564 Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 CRABP1 0.0011
798 Osteocalcin BGLAP 0.0011
1970 Protein kinase C alpha type PRKCA 0.0011
504 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT 0.0011
6221 Steroid hormone receptor ERR1 ESRRA 0.0011
1050 Bile salt sulfotransferase SULT2A1 0.0011
751 Potassium channel subfamily K member 6 KCNK6 0.0011
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0011
3007 Carbonic anhydrase 12 CA12 0.0011
4205 Carbonic anhydrase 9 CA9 0.0011
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0011
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.0011
2408 Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK SYK 0.0011
859 Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 CRABP2 0.0011
3970 Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B CACNA1B 0.0011
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0011
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0011
6126 Carbonic anhydrase 7 CA7 0.001
333 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 0.001
780 Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma RXRG 0.001
485 cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A PDE3A 0.001
937 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase LCK LCK 0.001
369 Coagulation factor VII F7 0.001
896 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 GSTM1 0.001
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.001
345 Plasma retinol-binding protein RBP4 0.001
1457 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 ACSL4 0.001
1971 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A PDE4A 0.001
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.001
88 Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta RXRB 0.0009
389 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal ACCN2 0.0009
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.0009
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.0009
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0009
260 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0009
761 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0009
3163 Cytochrome P450 51 cyp51 0.0009
3957 Adenosine deaminase ADA 0.0009
162 Retinoic acid receptor gamma-1 RARG 0.0009
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0009
469 Annexin A1 ANXA1 0.0009
4162 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 KCNQ3 0.0009
3809 Estrogen-related receptor gamma ESRRG 0.0009
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0008
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.0008
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0008
737 Mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 0.0008
933 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src SRC 0.0008
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0008
239 Coagulation factor X F10 0.0008
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.0008
614 Progesterone receptor PGR 0.0007
6263 cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha PRKACA 0.0007
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0007
6085 Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal FABP2 0.0007
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0007
164 Histamine H4 receptor HRH4 0.0007
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0007
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0006
54 Prothrombin F2 0.0006
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0006
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.0006
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0006
813 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2 0.0006
528 5-hydroxytryptamine 1E receptor HTR1E 0.0005
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0005
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.0005
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0005
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0004
725 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor HTR1D 0.0004
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0004
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0004
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0003
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