DT-Web

DB00130 - L-Glutamine


Identification
Name L-Glutamine
Accession Number DB00130 (NUTR00026)
Type small molecule
Description A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [PubChem]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 146.1445
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 146.069142196
Pharmacology
Indication Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
Mechanism of action Supplemental L-glutamine's possible immunomodulatory role may be accounted for in a number of ways. L-glutamine appears to play a major role in protecting the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. During catabolic states, the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be compromised with consequent increased intestinal permeability and translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine into the body. The demand for L-glutamine by the intestine, as well as by cells such as lymphocytes, appears to be much greater than that supplied by skeletal muscle, the major storage tissue for L-glutamine. L-glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for enterocytes, colonocytes and lymphocytes. Therefore, supplying supplemental L-glutamine under these conditions may do a number of things. For one, it may reverse the catabolic state by sparing skeletal muscle L-glutamine. It also may inhibit translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine. L-glutamine helps maintain secretory IgA, which functions primarily by preventing the attachment of bacteria to mucosal cells. L-glutamine appears to be required to support the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as well as the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). It is also required for the maintenance of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). L-glutamine can enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes. It can lead to an increased synthesis of glutathione in the intestine, which may also play a role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by ameliorating oxidative stress. The exact mechanism of the possible immunomodulatory action of supplemental L-glutamine, however, remains unclear. It is conceivable that the major effect of L-glutamine occurs at the level of the intestine. Perhaps enteral L-glutamine acts directly on intestine-associated lymphoid tissue and stimulates overall immune function by that mechanism, without passing beyond the splanchnic bed.
Absorption Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Enterocytes, Hepatic
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Doses of L-glutamine up to 21 grams daily appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse reactions are mainly gastrointestinal and not common. They include constipation and bloating. There is one older report of two hypomanic patients whose manic symptoms were exacerbated following the use of 2 to 4 grams daily of L-glutamine. The symptoms resolved when the L-glutamine was stopped. These patients were not rechallenged, nor are there any other reports of this nature.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


CTP synthase 1
Name CTP synthase 1
Gene Name CTPS
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • MacLeod TJ, Lunn FA, Bearne SL: The role of lysine residues 297 and 306 in nucleoside triphosphate regulation of E. coli CTP synthase: inactivation by 2',3'-dialdehyde ATP and mutational analyses. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb;1764(2):199-210. Epub 2005 Dec 27. - Pubmed
  • Taylor SD, Mirzaei F, Sharifi A, Bearne SL: Synthesis of methylene- and difluoromethylenephosphonate analogues of uridine-4-phosphate and 3-deazauridine-4-phosphate. J Org Chem. 2006 Dec 8;71(25):9420-30. - Pubmed
  • Fijolek A, Hofer A, Thelander L: Expression, purification, characterization, and in vivo targeting of trypanosome CTP synthetase for treatment of African sleeping sickness. J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 20;282(16):11858-65. Epub 2007 Feb 28. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9596
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Name Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Gene Name PPAT
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions product of
References
  • Jiang P, Pioszak AA, Ninfa AJ: Structure-function analysis of glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase, EC 2.7.7.49) of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 3;46(13):4117-32. Epub 2007 Mar 14. - Pubmed
  • Jiang P, Mayo AE, Ninfa AJ: Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase, EC 2.7.7.49): kinetic characterization of regulation by PII, PII-UMP, glutamine, and alpha-ketoglutarate. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 3;46(13):4133-46. Epub 2007 Mar 14. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7335
Glutamine synthetase
Name Glutamine synthetase
Gene Name GLUL
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions product of
References
  • Mong JA, Blutstein T: Estradiol modulation of astrocytic form and function: implications for hormonal control of synaptic communication. Neuroscience. 2006;138(3):967-75. Epub 2005 Dec 2. - Pubmed
  • Rose C, Felipo V: Limited capacity for ammonia removal by brain in chronic liver failure: potential role of nitric oxide. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Dec;20(4):275-83. - Pubmed
  • Miguel-Hidalgo JJ: Withdrawal from free-choice ethanol consumption results in increased packing density of glutamine synthetase-immunoreactive astrocytes in the prelimbic cortex of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006 Jul-Aug;41(4):379-85. Epub 2006 Feb 16. - Pubmed
  • Chatauret N, Desjardins P, Zwingmann C, Rose C, Rao KV, Butterworth RF: Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2006 Jun;44(6):1083-8. Epub 2006 Jan 4. - Pubmed
  • Tan S, Evans R, Singh B: Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops. Amino Acids. 2006 Mar;30(2):195-204. Epub 2006 Mar 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8406

Enzymes


Coagulation factor XIII A chain
Name Coagulation factor XIII A chain
Gene Name F13A1
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Mitkevich OV, Shainoff JR, DiBello PM, Yee VC, Teller DC, Smejkal GB, Bishop PD, Kolotushkina IS, Fickenscher K, Samokhin GP: Coagulation factor XIIIa undergoes a conformational change evoked by glutamine substrate. Studies on kinetics of inhibition and binding of XIIIA by a cross-reacting antifibrinogen antibody. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 5;273(23):14387-91. - Pubmed
  • Wolff C, Lai CS: Fluorescence energy transfer detects changes in fibronectin structure upon surface binding. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Feb 1;268(2):536-45. - Pubmed
  • Wolff C, Lai CS: Evidence that the two amino termini of plasma fibronectin are in close proximity: a fluorescence energy transfer study. Biochemistry. 1988 May 3;27(9):3483-7. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.3602
Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
Name Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
Gene Name GLS
Actions substrate
References
  • Masson J, Darmon M, Conjard A, Chuhma N, Ropert N, Thoby-Brisson M, Foutz AS, Parrot S, Miller GM, Jorisch R, Polan J, Hamon M, Hen R, Rayport S: Mice lacking brain/kidney phosphate-activated glutaminase have impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission, altered breathing, disorganized goal-directed behavior and die shortly after birth. J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 26;26(17):4660-71. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8532
Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial
Name Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial
Gene Name GLS2
Actions substrate
References
  • Sido B, Seel C, Hochlehnert A, Breitkreutz R, Droge W: Low intestinal glutamine level and low glutaminase activity in Crohn's disease: a rational for glutamine supplementation? Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Dec;51(12):2170-9. Epub 2006 Nov 1. - Pubmed
  • Strohmeier M, Raschle T, Mazurkiewicz J, Rippe K, Sinning I, Fitzpatrick TB, Tews I: Structure of a bacterial pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19284-9. Epub 2006 Dec 11. - Pubmed
  • Myers RS, Amaro RE, Luthey-Schulten ZA, Davisson VJ: Reaction coupling through interdomain contacts in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase. Biochemistry. 2005 Sep 13;44(36):11974-85. - Pubmed
  • Benlloch M, Mena S, Ferrer P, Obrador E, Asensi M, Pellicer JA, Carretero J, Ortega A, Estrela JM: Bcl-2 and Mn-SOD antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and a glutamine-enriched diet facilitate elimination of highly resistant B16 melanoma cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and chemotherapy. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 6;281(1):69-79. Epub 2005 Nov 1. - Pubmed
  • Campos-Sandoval JA, Lopez de la Oliva AR, Lobo C, Segura JA, Mates JM, Alonso FJ, Marquez J: Expression of functional human glutaminase in baculovirus system: affinity purification, kinetic and molecular characterization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(4):765-73. Epub 2006 Dec 21. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8532
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
Gene Name TGM2
Actions substrate
References
  • Park SS, Kim JM, Kim DS, Kim IH, Kim SY: Transglutaminase 2 mediates polymer formation of I-kappaBalpha through C-terminal glutamine cluster. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 17;281(46):34965-72. Epub 2006 Sep 20. - Pubmed
  • Keresztessy Z, Csosz E, Harsfalvi J, Csomos K, Gray J, Lightowlers RN, Lakey JH, Balajthy Z, Fesus L: Phage display selection of efficient glutamine-donor substrate peptides for transglutaminase 2. Protein Sci. 2006 Nov;15(11):2466-80. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7335
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5
Gene Name TGM5
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Candi E, Paradisi A, Terrinoni A, Pietroni V, Oddi S, Cadot B, Jogini V, Meiyappan M, Clardy J, Finazzi-Agro A, Melino G: Transglutaminase 5 is regulated by guanine-adenine nucleotides. Biochem J. 2004 Jul 1;381(Pt 1):313-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9613
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6
Gene Name TGM6
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9611
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K
Gene Name TGM1
Actions substrate
References
  • Boeshans KM, Mueser TC, Ahvazi B: A three-dimensional model of the human transglutaminase 1: insights into the understanding of lamellar ichthyosis. J Mol Model. 2007 Jan;13(1):233-46. Epub 2006 Sep 23. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9606
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 4
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 4
Gene Name TGM4
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Stenberg P, Curtis CG, Wing D, Tong YS, Credo RB, Gray A, Lorand L: Transamidase kinetics. Amide formation in the enzymic reactions of thiol esters with amines. Biochem J. 1975 Apr;147(1):155-63. - Pubmed
  • Mosher DF: Labeling of a major fibroblast surface protein (fibronectin) catalyzed by blood coagulation factor XIIa. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 Mar 28;491(1):205-10. - Pubmed
  • Coyne CP, Smith JE, Keeton K: Additive and synergistic pharmacologic inhibition of equine fibrinoligase (factor XIIIa*-like) biochemical activity. Am J Vet Res. 1992 Nov;53(11):2058-66. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9605
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase E
Gene Name TGM3
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Chen BS, Wang MR, Xu X, Cai Y, Xu ZX, Han YL, Wu M: Transglutaminase-3, an esophageal cancer-related gene. Int J Cancer. 2000 Dec 15;88(6):862-5. - Pubmed
  • Ikura K, Yu C, Nagao M, Sasaki R, Furuyoshi S, Kawabata N: Site-directed mutation in conserved anionic regions of guinea pig liver transglutaminase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Apr 20;318(2):307-13. - Pubmed
  • Ahvazi B, Steinert PM: A model for the reaction mechanism of the transglutaminase 3 enzyme. Exp Mol Med. 2003 Aug 31;35(4):228-42. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7293
Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Z
Name Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Z
Gene Name TGM7
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9613
GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Name GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Gene Name GMPS
Actions substrate
References
  • Strohmeier M, Raschle T, Mazurkiewicz J, Rippe K, Sinning I, Fitzpatrick TB, Tews I: Structure of a bacterial pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19284-9. Epub 2006 Dec 11. - Pubmed
  • Myers RS, Amaro RE, Luthey-Schulten ZA, Davisson VJ: Reaction coupling through interdomain contacts in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase. Biochemistry. 2005 Sep 13;44(36):11974-85. - Pubmed
  • Neuwirth M, Flicker K, Strohmeier M, Tews I, Macheroux P: Thermodynamic characterization of the protein-protein interaction in the heteromeric Bacillus subtilis pyridoxalphosphate synthase. Biochemistry. 2007 May 1;46(17):5131-9. Epub 2007 Apr 5. - Pubmed
  • Nakamura A, Yao M, Chimnaronk S, Sakai N, Tanaka I: Ammonia channel couples glutaminase with transamidase reactions in GatCAB. Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1954-8. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8506
Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Name Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Gene Name ASNS
Actions substrate
References
  • Li KK, Beeson WT 4th, Ghiviriga I, Richards NG: A convenient gHMQC-based NMR assay for investigating ammonia channeling in glutamine-dependent amidotransferases: studies of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 24;46(16):4840-9. Epub 2007 Mar 31. - Pubmed
  • Al Sarraj J, Vinson C, Thiel G: Regulation of asparagine synthetase gene transcription by the basic region leucine zipper transcription factors ATF5 and CHOP. Biol Chem. 2005 Sep;386(9):873-9. - Pubmed
  • Sheppard K, Akochy PM, Salazar JC, Soll D: The Helicobacter pylori amidotransferase GatCAB is equally efficient in glutamine-dependent transamidation of Asp-tRNAAsn and Glu-tRNAGln. J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 20;282(16):11866-73. Epub 2007 Feb 28. - Pubmed
  • Barsch A, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV, Niehaus K: GC-MS based metabolite profiling implies three interdependent ways of ammonium assimilation in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 15;127(1):79-83. Epub 2006 Jun 21. - Pubmed
  • Reinert RB, Oberle LM, Wek SA, Bunpo P, Wang XP, Mileva I, Goodwin LO, Aldrich CJ, Durden DL, McNurlan MA, Wek RC, Anthony TG: Role of glutamine depletion in directing tissue-specific nutrient stress responses to L-asparaginase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 20;281(42):31222-33. Epub 2006 Aug 24. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8548
Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1
Name Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1
Gene Name CCBL1
Actions substrate
References
  • Fukushima T, Mitsuhashi S, Tomiya M, Iyo M, Hashimoto K, Toyo'oka T: Determination of kynurenic acid in human serum and its correlation with the concentration of certain amino acids. Clin Chim Acta. 2007 Feb;377(1-2):174-8. Epub 2006 Sep 30. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7532
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
Name Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
Gene Name PFAS
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Jayaram HN, Lui MS, Plowman J, Pillwein K, Reardon MA, Elliott WL, Weber G: Oncolytic activity and mechanism of action of a novel L-cysteine derivative, L-cysteine, ethyl ester, S-(N-methylcarbamate) monohydrochloride. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(2):88-92. - Pubmed
  • Prajda N, Natsumeda Y, Ikegami T, Reardon MA, Szondy S, Hashimoto Y, Emrani J, Weber G: Enzymic programs of rat bone marrow and the impact of acivicin and tiazofurin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Mar 1;37(5):875-80. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8503
Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial
Name Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial
Gene Name PET112L
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8506
Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2
Name Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 2
Gene Name GFPT2
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Hu Y, Riesland L, Paterson AJ, Kudlow JE: Phosphorylation of mouse glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the enzyme activity. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 16;279(29):29988-93. Epub 2004 May 7. - Pubmed
  • Zitzler J, Link D, Schafer R, Liebetrau W, Kazinski M, Bonin-Debs A, Behl C, Buckel P, Brinkmann U: High-throughput functional genomics identifies genes that ameliorate toxicity due to oxidative stress in neuronal HT-22 cells: GFPT2 protects cells against peroxide. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004 Aug;3(8):834-40. Epub 2004 Jun 4. - Pubmed
  • DeHaven JE, Robinson KA, Nelson BA, Buse MG: A novel variant of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-1 (GFAT1) mRNA is selectively expressed in striated muscle. Diabetes. 2001 Nov;50(11):2419-24. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9596
CAD protein [Includes: Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase
Name CAD protein [Includes: Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase
Gene Name CAD
Actions substrate
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9845
Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase
Name Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase
Gene Name QARS
Actions substrate
References
  • Balg C, Blais SP, Bernier S, Huot JL, Couture M, Lapointe J, Chenevert R: Synthesis of beta-ketophosphonate analogs of glutamyl and glutaminyl adenylate, and selective inhibition of the corresponding bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Jan 1;15(1):295-304. Epub 2006 Sep 29. - Pubmed
  • Fuchs BC, Bode BP: Stressing out over survival: glutamine as an apoptotic modulator. J Surg Res. 2006 Mar;131(1):26-40. Epub 2005 Sep 8. - Pubmed
  • Yamasaki S, Nakamura S, Terada T, Shimizu K: Mechanism of the difference in the binding affinity of E. coli tRNAGln to glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase caused by noninterface nucleotides in variable loop. Biophys J. 2007 Jan 1;92(1):192-200. Epub 2006 Oct 6. - Pubmed
  • Uter NT, Perona JJ: Active-site assembly in glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase by tRNA-mediated induced fit. Biochemistry. 2006 Jun 6;45(22):6858-65. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9595
Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
Name Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
Gene Name NADSYN1
Actions substrate
References
  • Wojcik M, Seidle HF, Bieganowski P, Brenner C: Glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase. How a two-domain, three-substrate enzyme avoids waste. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 3;281(44):33395-402. Epub 2006 Sep 5. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8506

Transporters


Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Name Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Gene Name SLC16A10
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9953
System N amino acid transporter 1
Name System N amino acid transporter 1
Gene Name SLC38A3
Actions substrate
References
  • Umapathy NS, Li W, Mysona BA, Smith SB, Ganapathy V: Expression and function of glutamine transporters SN1 (SNAT3) and SN2 (SNAT5) in retinal Muller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):3980-7. - Pubmed
  • Conti F, Melone M: The glutamine commute: lost in the tube? Neurochem Int. 2006 May-Jun;48(6-7):459-64. Epub 2006 Mar 3. - Pubmed
  • Gajewski M, Seaver B, Esslinger CS: Design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel triazole amino acids used to probe binding interactions between ligand and neutral amino acid transport protein SN1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Aug 1;17(15):4163-6. Epub 2007 May 23. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0131
Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)
Name Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)
Gene Name SLC1A5
Actions substrate
References
  • Bungard CI, McGivan JD: Identification of the promoter elements involved in the stimulation of ASCT2 expression by glutamine availability in HepG2 cells and the probable involvement of FXR/RXR dimers. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Nov 15;443(1-2):53-9. Epub 2005 Sep 15. - Pubmed
  • Gegelashvili M, Rodriguez-Kern A, Pirozhkova I, Zhang J, Sung L, Gegelashvili G: High-affinity glutamate transporter GLAST/EAAT1 regulates cell surface expression of glutamine/neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 in human fetal astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2006 May-Jun;48(6-7):611-5. Epub 2006 Mar 3. - Pubmed
  • Oppedisano F, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Indiveri C: The glutamine/amino acid transporter (ASCT2) reconstituted in liposomes: transport mechanism, regulation by ATP and characterization of the glutamine/glutamate antiport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Feb;1768(2):291-8. Epub 2006 Sep 16. - Pubmed
  • Dun Y, Mysona B, Itagaki S, Martin-Studdard A, Ganapathy V, Smith SB: Functional and molecular analysis of D-serine transport in retinal Muller cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jan;84(1):191-9. Epub 2006 Nov 13. - Pubmed
  • McGivan JD, Bungard CI: The transport of glutamine into mammalian cells. Front Biosci. 2007 Jan 1;12:874-82. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0123
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2
Name Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2
Gene Name SLC7A8
Actions substrate
References
  • Umapathy NS, Li W, Mysona BA, Smith SB, Ganapathy V: Expression and function of glutamine transporters SN1 (SNAT3) and SN2 (SNAT5) in retinal Muller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):3980-7. - Pubmed
  • Kirchhoff P, Dave MH, Remy C, Kosiek O, Busque SM, Dufner M, Geibel JP, Verrey F, Wagner CA: An amino acid transporter involved in gastric acid secretion. Pflugers Arch. 2006 Mar;451(6):738-48. Epub 2005 Nov 25. - Pubmed
  • Ramadan T, Camargo SM, Herzog B, Bordin M, Pos KM, Verrey F: Recycling of aromatic amino acids via TAT1 allows efflux of neutral amino acids via LAT2-4F2hc exchanger. Pflugers Arch. 2007 Jun;454(3):507-16. Epub 2007 Feb 2. - Pubmed
  • Broer S, Broer A, Hansen JT, Bubb WA, Balcar VJ, Nasrallah FA, Garner B, Rae C: Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain. J Neurochem. 2007 Sep;102(6):1758-70. Epub 2007 May 14. - Pubmed
  • Chubb S, Kingsland AL, Broer A, Broer S: Mutation of the 4F2 heavy-chain carboxy terminus causes y+ LAT2 light-chain dysfunction. Mol Membr Biol. 2006 May-Jun;23(3):255-67. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.8084

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.8506
5261 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase purL 0.8503
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.8406
2515 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.7335
3714 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase purF 0.7335
3516 Aspartate carbamoyltransferase catalytic chain pyrB 0.2939
4092 Probable asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial NARS2 0.2699
669 Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic NARS 0.2698
3977 ASRGL1 protein ASRGL1 0.2614
245 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 SLC7A5 0.1979
6750 ADP-ribosylation factor 6 ARF6 0.1461
2521 Cell division protein ftsZ ftsZ 0.146
3301 Cell division protein ftsZ ftsZ 0.146
815 Histidyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic HARS 0.1307
96 Histidine ammonia-lyase HAL 0.1307
6257 Histidine ammonia-lyase Not Available 0.1307
6536 Histidine ammonia-lyase hutH 0.1307
4387 Glycerol dehydratase dhaB1 0.1249
6556 Elongation factor Tu GTP-binding domain-containing protein 1 EFTUD1 0.1219
1566 Corticoliberin CRH 0.1171
3725 Lactaldehyde reductase fucO 0.1075
763 Tyrosine aminotransferase TAT 0.1047
5493 Tyrosine aminotransferase Not Available 0.1047
3 Histidine decarboxylase HDC 0.1034
2400 Clavaminate synthase 1 cs1 0.1021
1671 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 SLC1A1 0.0922
3877 Growth-inhibiting protein 18 GIG18 0.0908
6269 S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 SKP1 0.0873
586 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic GOT1 0.0852
795 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial BCAT2 0.0839
426 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2 0.0838
4025 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 0.0834
4024 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 SLC25A18 0.0834
1912 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 SLC1A3 0.0834
4026 Aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPEP 0.0834
4021 Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial EARS2 0.0834
1047 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 SLC1A2 0.0834
4016 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 SLC1A7 0.0834
4023 N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial NAGS 0.0834
4019 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 SLC1A6 0.0834
4022 Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1 LGSN 0.0834
664 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0833
3890 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0833
915 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 0.0833
919 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 GRIK4 0.0833
926 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 GRM7 0.0833
920 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 GRIK5 0.0833
924 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 GRIK3 0.0833
927 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 0.0833
4027 Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit GRID1 0.0833
922 Glutamate receptor 4 GRIA4 0.0833
4020 Glutamyl aminopeptidase ENPEP 0.0833
925 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 GRM4 0.0833
4018 Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit GRID2 0.0833
4017 5-oxoprolinase OPLAH 0.0833
2281 Haloalkane dehalogenase linB 0.0825
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0771
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0771
574 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic BCAT1 0.0759
668 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GCLM 0.0733
6270 Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 PLA2G2E 0.0691
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0684
3895 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 CCBL2 0.0643
801 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial AADAT 0.0643
665 Phosphoserine aminotransferase PSAT1 0.0643
4652 Phosphoserine aminotransferase serC 0.0643
420 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0643
3900 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0643
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0629
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.0616
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.0607
625 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 FOLH1 0.0589
31 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial FARS2 0.058
42 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha chain FARSA 0.058
6602 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha chain pheS 0.058
618 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain FARSB 0.058
6603 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain pheT 0.058
916 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 0.0565
914 Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase FTCD 0.0537
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0529
923 Glutamate receptor 3 GRIA3 0.0527
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0522
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.052
773 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial FPGS 0.052
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0517
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0516
349 Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase AGXT 0.0511
210 Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase EPRS 0.051
3978 Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1 ADSSL1 0.0506
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0501
3067 Aquaporin Z aqpZ 0.0482
6320 Aquaporin Z aqpZ 0.0482
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0481
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0479
676 Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase TH 0.0464
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0443
3979 Aspartoacylase-2 ACY3 0.0435
209 Aspartoacylase ASPA 0.0435
3972 Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 ADSS 0.0435
3976 Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial DARS2 0.0435
533 Aminoacylase-1 ACY1 0.0435
799 Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic DARS 0.0435
3969 Multifunctional protein ADE2 [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole- succinocarboxamide synthase PAICS 0.0435
513 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar2 SLC25A13 0.0435
305 Mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier protein SLC25A13 0.0435
262 Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1 SLC25A12 0.0435
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0434
4226 Uridine phosphorylase 2 UPP2 0.0432
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0431
6385 H subunit of photosynthetic reaction center complex puhA 0.042
6388 Cytochrome c1 petC 0.0419
6387 Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunit petA 0.0419
1227 Cytochrome b MT-CYB 0.0419
6386 Cytochrome b petB 0.0419
6937 Cytochrome b MT-CYB 0.0419
3023 DNA polymerase I, thermostable polA 0.0418
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.0413
740 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0411
865 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0411
2680 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0411
3194 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0411
2744 D-alanine aminotransferase dat 0.0372
585 Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase ASPH 0.0369
5618 ADP-ribosylation factor 4 ARF4 0.0366
3197 GDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase nudD 0.0366
5624 GTPase rab6 0.0366
5630 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5A ARL5A 0.0366
1882 Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAC1 0.0366
2170 Transforming protein RhoA RHOA 0.0366
5628 Probable GTPase engC rsgA 0.0366
5627 GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase gca 0.0366
3366 GTP-binding protein engA der 0.0366
828 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase PAH 0.0365
3109 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase phhA 0.0365
4225 Uridine phosphorylase 1 UPP1 0.0346
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.0343
5491 Methionine gamma-lyase mdeA 0.0337
5492 Cystathionine gamma-synthase metB 0.0337
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0336
532 Neutral amino acid transporter A SLC1A4 0.0335
4070 Probable alanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial AARS2 0.0334
323 Alanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic AARS 0.0334
2516 GMP reductase 1 GMPR 0.0332
2361 Response regulator pleD pleD 0.0332
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0329
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0329
3261 Signal recognition particle protein ffh 0.0326
2746 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase gabT 0.0323
3115 Ras-related protein Rab-9 RAB9A 0.0323
2749 UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase arnB 0.0322
3170 Elongation factor Tu-B tufB 0.0321
3396 Elongation factor Tu tufA 0.032
5621 Elongation factor Tu tuf 0.032
3270 Elongation factor G fusA 0.032
85 Growth hormone receptor GHR 0.0319
3354 Ras-related protein Rap-2a RAP2A 0.0319
3335 Probable GTP-binding protein engB engB 0.0319
5619 GDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase GMDS 0.0319
3107 Putative GTP pyrophosphokinase relA 0.0319
2842 Glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase hemL 0.0318
169 Cysteine desulfurase, mitochondrial NFS1 0.0316
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0303
4106 Guanylate kinase GUK1 0.0302
4516 Guanylate kinase gmk 0.0302
114 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial AGXT2 0.03
2546 Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase hisC 0.0295
2698 Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase hisC 0.0295
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0294
6447 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1 GNAT1 0.0294
3899 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 2 AGXT2L2 0.0291
4553 Bifunctional adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis protein cobU cobU 0.0289
2532 Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase panC 0.0285
6790 Elongation factor 2 EEF2 0.0281
872 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 GABRA1 0.028
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.0275
435 Kynureninase KYNU 0.0275
4654 Kynureninase kynU 0.0275
4823 L-allo-threonine aldolase TM_1744 0.0271
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0269
1758 GTPase HRas HRAS 0.0268
2966 PyrR bifunctional protein [Includes: Pyrimidine operon regulatory protein; Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase pyrR 0.0266
338 DNA polymerase UL30 0.0266
379 DNA polymerase UL54 0.0266
697 DNA polymerase ORF28 0.0266
2482 DNA polymerase 43 0.0266
4104 DNA polymerase BALF5 0.0266
2758 Adenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase bioA 0.0265
3639 Thymidine phosphorylase deoA 0.0261
3936 Thymidine phosphorylase TYMP 0.0261
461 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 GLRA3 0.026
820 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 GLRA2 0.026
199 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 SLC16A2 0.0258
6316 ADP-ribosylation factor 1 ARF1 0.0252
3300 Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase xpt 0.0251
3681 Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gpt 0.0251
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0251
6645 D-amino-acid oxidase DAO 0.0245
894 Alanine racemase alr 0.0243
2453 Alanine racemase alr 0.0243
1302 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+] DPYD 0.0242
449 Ornithine decarboxylase ODC1 0.0237
2632 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0235
3323 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0235
3975 Adenylosuccinate synthetase ADSS 0.0235
4598 Adenylosuccinate synthetase Adss 0.0235
6817 Adenylosuccinate synthetase purA 0.0235
5626 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B NME2 0.0235
2684 Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 HINT1 0.0234
5925 Neuropeptide Y NPY 0.0231
593 Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 SLC36A1 0.0222
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.0214
606 Cytochrome P450 27, mitochondrial CYP27A1 0.0209
5294 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A NME1 0.0206
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0201
4069 Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial TARS2 0.0197
261 Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic TARS 0.0197
2249 Aspartate aminotransferase aspC 0.0196
2671 Aspartate aminotransferase aspC 0.0196
5490 Aspartate aminotransferase Not Available 0.0196
24 Thymidylate synthase TMP1 0.0196
359 Thymidylate synthase TYMS 0.0196
2626 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0196
2729 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0196
5352 Thymidylate synthase THYA 0.0196
246 Valyl-tRNA synthetase VARS 0.0196
5682 Ribonuclease pancreatic RNASE1 0.0194
2287 Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase ATIC 0.0194
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0188
534 Threonine synthase-like 1 THNSL1 0.0187
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0186
466 Solute carrier family 12 member 3 SLC12A3 0.0184
317 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase SEPX1 0.0183
480 Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2 MSRB2 0.0182
3996 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 BHMT2 0.0182
3921 Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta MAT2B 0.0182
3995 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial MARS2 0.0182
600 Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic MARS 0.0182
610 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1 KCNMA1 0.0178
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0176
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0175
142 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 GABRR1 0.0172
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0171
204 cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase PDE5A 0.0171
1152 Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form PYGM 0.017
5469 Head decoration protein shp 0.0168
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0168
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0166
806 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase alpha-1 chain ATP1A1 0.0165
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0165
2457 Bacillolysin nprS 0.016
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0157
601 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial PCCB 0.0157
191 Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase MSRA 0.0155
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0152
334 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2 MAT2A 0.0151
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.0149
2461 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase Not Available 0.0147
5756 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase dac 0.0147
941 Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 BHMT 0.0147
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0143
159 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0143
6121 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0143
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0142
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0141
38 Cystinosin CTNS 0.0141
3998 B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 SLC7A9 0.0141
1963 Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT SLC3A1 0.0141
453 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1 MAT1A 0.014
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0138
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0137
150 Cationic amino acid transporter 3 SLC7A3 0.0137
235 High-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1 SLC7A1 0.0137
58 Cationic amino acid transporter 4 SLC7A4 0.0137
358 Cystathionine beta-synthase CBS 0.0137
471 Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) SLC6A14 0.0134
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0132
840 Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial MTRR 0.0132
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0132
399 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial YARS2 0.0127
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0126
809 Methionine synthase MTR 0.0125
2935 Methionine synthase metH 0.0125
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0121
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.0119
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.0116
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0114
184 L-serine dehydratase SDS 0.0112
431 Serine racemase SRR 0.0112
491 Serine palmitoyltransferase 1 SPTLC1 0.0112
727 Serine palmitoyltransferase 2 SPTLC2 0.0112
701 Isoleucine-tRNA synthetase IARS 0.011
546 Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic IARS 0.011
4080 Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial IARS2 0.011
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.011
221 Lysyl-tRNA synthetase KARS 0.0109
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0108
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0105
5650 NimA-related protein DR_0842 0.0101
2795 Methionine aminopeptidase 2 METAP2 0.0101
340 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 APAF1 0.01
72 Seryl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic SARS 0.0099
501 Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 LCMT1 0.0097
675 Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2 LCMT2 0.0097
846 Leucyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic LARS 0.0097
227 Probable leucyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial LARS2 0.0097
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0096
619 Low-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 2 SLC7A2 0.0095
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.0093
486 Serine/threonine-protein kinase ALS2CR7 CDK15 0.0093
483 A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase ARAF 0.0093
510 Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 ACVRL1 0.0093
733 Activin receptor type 1B ACVR1B 0.0093
225 NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit NAE1 0.0093
745 Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor AMHR2 0.0093
825 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase ASNA1 0.0093
3435 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase arsA 0.0093
2105 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 ABCG1 0.0093
21 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 ADRBK2 0.0093
377 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 ADRBK1 0.0093
154 AFG3-like protein 2 AFG3L2 0.0093
395 ALK tyrosine kinase receptor Not Available 0.0093
630 Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADSB 0.0093
256 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic YARS 0.0089
500 Monocarboxylate transporter 4 SLC16A3 0.0087
489 Monocarboxylate transporter 2 SLC16A7 0.0086
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0084
499 Arginine decarboxylase ADC 0.0084
821 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial ACSS1 0.0079
704 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 ACSL1 0.0079
386 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic ACSS2 0.0079
297 Adenylate cyclase type 1 ADCY1 0.0079
289 Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase NT5C2 0.0078
3254 Bifunctional protein putA [Includes: Proline dehydrogenase putA 0.0077
292 Activin receptor type-1 ACVR1 0.0076
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0076
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0076
849 Activated CDC42 kinase 1 TNK2 0.0076
89 Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase CSAD 0.0076
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0075
90 Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2 TPH2 0.0073
4063 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial WARS2 0.0073
748 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 PRKAA1 0.0071
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.007
484 Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 ABL2 0.0069
868 Cystathionine gamma-lyase CTH 0.0069
132 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 ABCA1 0.0069
594 Thyroxine-binding globulin SERPINA7 0.0066
3874 Proline synthetase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein PROSC 0.0063
6021 Adenosine kinase ADK 0.0062
476 RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT1 0.0061
758 Thyroid hormone receptor alpha THRA 0.0061
661 ADP/ATP translocase 1 SLC25A4 0.006
252 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic WARS 0.0059
765 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase IDO1 0.0059
2452 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase trpS 0.0056
134 Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 TPH1 0.0055
346 Thyroid hormone receptor beta-1 THRB 0.0054
6012 Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase TDO2 0.0053
171 Cysteine dioxygenase CDO-1 0.0053
575 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial GCAT 0.0052
455 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial ALAS1 0.0052
681 Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], mitochondrial GLDC 0.0052
774 Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic CARS 0.0052
1314 Thiamine transporter 2 SLC19A3 0.0052
4064 Probable cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial CARS2 0.0052
207 Glutathione synthetase GSS 0.0052
5269 Glutathione synthetase gshB 0.0052
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0052
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.0052
834 Arginase-2, mitochondrial ARG2 0.0051
6150 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 SLCO4C1 0.0051
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.005
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.005
577 Argininosuccinate lyase ASL 0.0049
3884 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0047
3901 SHMT2 protein SHMT2 0.0047
3885 Hypothetical protein DKFZp686P09201 DKFZp686P09201 0.0047
3879 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 Not Available 0.0047
321 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial SHMT2 0.0047
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0046
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0045
3911 Uncharacterized protein C20orf38 SPTLC3 0.0044
306 Pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase PDXP 0.0044
3881 Selenocysteine lyase variant Not Available 0.0044
3887 Phosphorylase PYGB 0.0044
3908 P-selectin cytoplasmic tail-associated protein pcap 0.0044
3915 Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase-related protein 1 CSAD 0.0044
3914 Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase homolog TLH6 0.0044
3883 Ornithine aminotransferase variant Not Available 0.0044
3906 Serine dehydratase-like SDSL 0.0044
3896 CDNA FLJ46802 fis, clone TRACH3032150, moderately similar to Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase GADL1 0.0044
3891 Putative L-Dopa decarboxylase DDC 0.0044
3909 Hepatic peroxysomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase Not Available 0.0044
3878 GAD1 protein GAD1 0.0044
3893 DDC protein DDC 0.0044
3880 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 Not Available 0.0044
3910 O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase SEPSECS 0.0044
3894 KIAA0251 protein PDXDC1 0.0044
855 Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 SGPL1 0.0044
3903 Aminolevulinate, delta-, synthase 2 ALAS2 0.0044
3886 Migration-inducing protein 4 ALAS1 0.0044
3875 Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form PYGB 0.0044
3882 Brain glycogen phosphorylase variant Not Available 0.0044
3905 Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase MOCOS 0.0044
367 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic SHMT1 0.0043
1999 Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase MGMT 0.0043
397 Monocarboxylate transporter 3 SLC16A8 0.0041
218 Monocarboxylate transporter 5 SLC16A4 0.0041
195 Monocarboxylate transporter 7 SLC16A6 0.0041
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0041
429 Monocarboxylate transporter 6 SLC16A5 0.0041
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0041
373 Transthyretin TTR 0.004
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.004
626 Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 CDO1 0.004
203 Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase PNPO 0.0037
3913 Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 0.0036
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0036
52 Pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L PKLR 0.0035
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0035
4085 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C PPIC 0.0035
4088 Probable prolyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial PARS2 0.0035
4083 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H PPIH 0.0035
4087 Pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase isoform P5CR2 0.0035
4090 Chromosome 14 open reading frame 149 C14orf149 0.0035
4082 Proline oxidase, mitochondrial PRODH 0.0035
797 Sodium-dependent proline transporter SLC6A7 0.0035
4086 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G PPIG 0.0035
472 Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial OAT 0.0035
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0034
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0034
771 Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial PC 0.0034
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0034
98 Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 PKM2 0.0032
4084 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B PPIB 0.003
4000 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 P4HA2 0.0029
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0029
291 Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial NOS3 0.0029
10 Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form PYGL 0.0029
248 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 PYCR1 0.0027
802 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 PYCR2 0.0027
2554 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial PPIF 0.0027
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0026
3949 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 LEPREL1 0.0025
3945 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 LEPRE1 0.0025
3951 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3 LEPREL2 0.0025
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.0025
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.0024
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0024
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0024
67 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 P4HA1 0.0023
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0023
1524 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A PPIA 0.0023
6700 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A ppiA 0.0023
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0023
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0023
4058 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2 GLYATL2 0.0022
4057 Glycine N-acyltransferase GLYAT 0.0022
4059 Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1 GLYATL1 0.0022
4056 N-arachidonyl glycine receptor GPR18 0.0022
4061 Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase PIPOX 0.0022
4055 Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase BAAT 0.0022
1236 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 SLC6A9 0.0022
4062 Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 SLC6A5 0.0022
4060 Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter SLC32A1 0.0022
1088 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial ALAS2 0.0022
1466 Glycyl-tRNA synthetase GARS 0.0022
4054 Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial GCSH 0.0017
62 Glycine receptor subunit beta GLRB 0.0017
383 Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial GATM 0.0016
411 Glycine N-methyltransferase GNMT 0.0016
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