DT-Web

DB01440 - Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid


Identification
Name Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
Accession Number DB01440
Type small molecule
Description Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III drug; however GHB remains a Schedule I drug and the illicit use of Xyrem falls under penalties of Schedule I. GHB is a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits and almost all other living creatures in small amounts. It is used illegally under the street names Juice, Liquid Ecstasy or simply G, either as an intoxicant, or as a date rape drug. Xyrem is a central nervous system depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 103.0966
Groups illicit
Monoisotopic Weight 103.03951909
Pharmacology
Indication Used as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.
Mechanism of action GHB reaches much higher concentrations in the brain and activates GABAB receptors, which are primarily responsible for its sedative effects. GHB receptors are densely expressed in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited research into the GHB receptor; however, there is evidence that activation of the GHB receptor in some brain areas results in the release of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter. Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA(B) is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic,[19] low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor.[20] Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via GABA(B) receptors as do other GABA(B) agonists such as baclofen and phenibut.[21] After an initial phase of inhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor. This explains the paradoxical mix of sedative and stimulatory properties of GHB, as well as the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, wherein they awake suddenly after several hours of GHB-induced deep sleep. That is to say that, over time, the concentration of GHB in the system decreases below the threshold for significant GABAB receptor activation and activates predominantly the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.
Absorption Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for sodium oxybate, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Fecal and renal excretion is negligible. 5% renal elimination.
Toxicity At higher doses, GHB may induce nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, and death.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor
Name Gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor
Gene Name Not Available
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Castelli MP, Mocci I, Pistis M, Peis M, Berta D, Gelain A, Gessa GL, Cignarella G: Stereoselectivity of NCS-382 binding to gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 20;446(1-3):1-5. - Pubmed
  • Castelli MP, Ferraro L, Mocci I, Carta F, Carai MA, Antonelli T, Tanganelli S, Cignarella G, Gessa GL: Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. J Neurochem. 2003 Nov;87(3):722-32. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available
Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1
Name Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1
Gene Name GABRB1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Maitre M, Humbert JP, Kemmel V, Aunis D, Andriamampandry C: [A mechanism for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as a drug and a substance of abuse]. Med Sci (Paris). 2005 Mar;21(3):284-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.1601

Transporters


Monocarboxylate transporter 2
Name Monocarboxylate transporter 2
Gene Name SLC16A7
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Lin RY, Vera JC, Chaganti RS, Golde DW: Human monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a high affinity pyruvate transporter. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28959-65. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5619
Monocarboxylate transporter 1
Name Monocarboxylate transporter 1
Gene Name SLC16A1
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Lin RY, Vera JC, Chaganti RS, Golde DW: Human monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a high affinity pyruvate transporter. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28959-65. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5318
Monocarboxylate transporter 4
Name Monocarboxylate transporter 4
Gene Name SLC16A3
Actions substrate
References
  • Manning Fox JE, Meredith D, Halestrap AP: Characterisation of human monocarboxylate transporter 4 substantiates its role in lactic acid efflux from skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2000 Dec 1;529 Pt 2:285-93. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5524

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0861
3184 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase panB 0.0843
3315 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase panB 0.0843
3179 2-isopropylmalate synthase leuA 0.0843
5650 NimA-related protein DR_0842 0.0739
3334 Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase cefE 0.067
4099 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 GABRB3 0.0651
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0646
6087 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 GABRG1 0.0629
6093 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta GABRD 0.0628
6089 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon GABRE 0.0626
3254 Bifunctional protein putA [Includes: Proline dehydrogenase putA 0.0584
6088 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 GABRG3 0.0578
6090 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi GABRP 0.0578
6092 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 GABRR2 0.0577
6115 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 GABRR3 0.0577
6086 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 GABRG2 0.057
2293 Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase Not Available 0.0568
2508 Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase cgt 0.0568
2523 Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase cgt 0.0568
3207 Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase amyA 0.0568
142 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 GABRR1 0.0565
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0551
795 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial BCAT2 0.0492
523 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 GABRA5 0.049
580 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 GABRA3 0.049
423 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 GABRA2 0.0486
872 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 GABRA1 0.048
3205 Isocitrate lyase icl 0.0466
3078 Regulator of ribonuclease activity A Rv3853 0.0466
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0455
4132 Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka CLCNKA 0.044
6091 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta GABRQ 0.0352
2248 Malate synthase G glcB 0.0335
3190 Malate synthase G glcB 0.0335
6826 Bacilysin biosynthesis protein bacB bacB 0.0328
6827 Probable chorismate mutase pheA 0.0327
6508 Putative uncharacterized protein srtB 0.0327
6543 Putative uncharacterized protein tcp14 0.0327
6615 Putative uncharacterized protein MT0785 0.0327
6623 Putative uncharacterized protein Not Available 0.0327
6806 Putative uncharacterized protein AGR_C_2535 0.0327
6813 Putative uncharacterized protein SAV4671 0.0327
6815 Putative uncharacterized protein AFE_1514 0.0327
6819 Putative uncharacterized protein RUMGNA_03254 0.0327
6825 Putative uncharacterized protein CV_3270 0.0327
397 Monocarboxylate transporter 3 SLC16A8 0.0303
2424 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.03
2641 L-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.03
4437 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.03
4442 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.03
126 D-lactate dehydrogenase dld 0.03
3545 D-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.03
4510 D-lactate dehydrogenase ldhA 0.03
195 Monocarboxylate transporter 7 SLC16A6 0.0299
429 Monocarboxylate transporter 6 SLC16A5 0.0299
218 Monocarboxylate transporter 5 SLC16A4 0.0298
860 Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase NNMT 0.0298
583 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] QPRT 0.0298
2442 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] nadC 0.0298
2459 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] nadC 0.0298
928 Nicotinic acid receptor 2 GPR109B 0.0297
699 Nicotinic acid receptor 1 GPR109A 0.0297
530 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 GABRA4 0.029
5607 Indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase ipdC 0.0284
6657 Indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase ipdC 0.0284
6616 L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase pdh 0.0284
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0281
841 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 GABRA6 0.0272
52 Pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L PKLR 0.0272
6500 Phospholipase A2 PLA2G1B 0.027
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0265
3178 Formate acetyltransferase 1 pflB 0.026
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0256
771 Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial PC 0.0246
98 Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 PKM2 0.0244
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0244
110 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial PDHB 0.0237
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0235
77 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB 0.0232
811 Translocator protein TSPO 0.0231
723 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 PLA2G4A 0.0229
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0224
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0224
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0217
114 Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial AGXT2 0.0215
6268 Hydroxyacid oxidase 1 HAO1 0.0206
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.02
199 Monocarboxylate transporter 8 SLC16A2 0.0191
6837 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 17B STK17B 0.0183
6836 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase, mitochondrial HIBCH 0.0183
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0182
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.018
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0172
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0165
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0162
6656 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1 UGT3A1 0.0159
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0154
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0149
338 DNA polymerase UL30 0.0149
379 DNA polymerase UL54 0.0149
697 DNA polymerase ORF28 0.0149
2482 DNA polymerase 43 0.0149
4104 DNA polymerase BALF5 0.0149
6599 HTH-type transcriptional regulator ttgR ttgR 0.0147
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0145
2599 Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK HCK 0.0139
6149 Solute carrier family 22 member 10 SLC22A10 0.0135
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0134
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0133
6343 ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial ATP5B 0.0133
6344 ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial ATP5C1 0.0133
6342 ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial ATP5A1 0.0133
62 Glycine receptor subunit beta GLRB 0.0132
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.012
6155 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11 ABCC11 0.0117
6259 (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase fabZ 0.0116
820 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 GLRA2 0.0115
461 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 GLRA3 0.0115
2404 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform PIK3CG 0.0111
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0106
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0104
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0104
6218 Pannexin-1 PANX1 0.0101
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.0099
2347 Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase Pim-1 PIM1 0.0098
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0094
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0094
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0083
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0083
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0081
6160 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 SLCO3A1 0.0081
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.008
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.0079
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0078
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0076
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0075
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0075
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.007
543 Penicillin-binding protein 1B mrcB 0.0067
6186 Penicillin-binding protein 1B ponB 0.0067
6822 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0067
6844 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0067
645 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0065
5805 Penicillin-binding protein 1A ponA 0.0065
6185 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0065
6799 Penicillin-binding protein 1A pbpA 0.0065
3014 Ribonuclease UK114 HRSP12 0.0064
5428 Replication protein repA 0.0064
3617 Non-heme chloroperoxidase cpo 0.0064
5426 Non-heme chloroperoxidase cpo 0.0064
5427 Hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase chqB 0.0064
3718 Hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes activator oxyR 0.0064
3018 HTH-type transcriptional regulator malT malT 0.0064
159 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0064
6121 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0064
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0059
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0059
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0055
2958 Probable tautomerase ydcE pptA 0.0055
2573 Cocaine esterase cocE 0.0055
7263 Cocaine esterase Not Available 0.0055
2936 Oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase nfnB 0.0054
5184 Oxygen-insensitive NAD(P)H nitroreductase nfnB 0.0054
3603 Chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase clcA 0.0054
3115 Ras-related protein Rab-9 RAB9A 0.0054
139 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 AKR1C1 0.0053
4037 Hypothetical protein GPX1 0.0047
4297 Hypothetical protein SP_1951 0.0047
4521 Hypothetical protein BC_2969 0.0047
4540 Hypothetical protein TM_1070 0.0047
4555 Hypothetical protein MT1739 0.0047
4569 Hypothetical protein mshD 0.0047
4578 Hypothetical protein PA3270 0.0047
4747 Hypothetical protein PA3967 0.0047
5177 Hypothetical protein TM_0096 0.0047
5194 Hypothetical protein PA1204 0.0047
5240 Hypothetical protein Rv2991 0.0047
5370 Hypothetical protein TM_1158 0.0047
5710 Hypothetical protein Tb927.5.1360 0.0047
4545 Molybdopterin-converting factor subunit 2 moaE 0.0047
4527 Putative hydrolase ycdX ycdX 0.0047
4106 Guanylate kinase GUK1 0.0047
4516 Guanylate kinase gmk 0.0047
4538 Hypothetical protein VC1899 VC_1899 0.0047
4536 Transcriptional regulator, IclR family TM_0065 0.0047
2501 Protein ygbM ygbM 0.0047
4514 Citrate lyase beta subunit-like protein citE 0.0047
4781 Citrate lyase beta subunit-like protein DR_1240 0.0047
4524 Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase yvyI 0.0047
4522 Arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit alpha astA 0.0047
4547 Iron binding protein FbpA fbpA 0.0047
4529 Oxalate decarboxylase oxdC oxdC 0.0047
4546 Aminotransferase, putative TM_1131 0.0047
658 Para-aminobenzoate synthase component 1 pabB 0.0047
4526 Oligopeptide ABC transporter, periplasmic oligopeptide-binding protein TM_1223 0.0047
4535 Glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase subunit alpha gcdA 0.0047
4548 Gyrase B gyrB 0.0047
4515 Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK CASK 0.0047
1119 Peroxiredoxin-5, mitochondrial PRDX5 0.0046
4674 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase cumD 0.0043
4496 C-terminal-binding protein 1 CTBP1 0.0043
2693 Heat-labile enterotoxin B chain eltB 0.0042
4532 Gephyrin GPHN 0.0041
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0041
6645 D-amino-acid oxidase DAO 0.0041
56 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ALAD 0.0041
2356 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.0041
3613 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.0041
3674 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.0041
4533 Glyoxalase family protein BC_1747 0.0041
3237 Beta-lactamase OXA-2 bla 0.0041
4542 Glutaminase 1 glsA1 0.0041
4544 Glutaminase 1 glsA1 0.0041
2929 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase dhlB 0.0041
2995 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase Not Available 0.0041
4528 Phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzD phzD1 0.0041
3759 Glutathione S-transferase gst 0.004
4541 Glutathione S-transferase GST 0.004
3261 Signal recognition particle protein ffh 0.004
4517 Probable butyrate kinase 2 buk2 0.004
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.004
2230 Catalase CAT 0.0039
3249 Catalase katA 0.0039
3625 Catalase katA 0.0039
4539 Catalase katA 0.0039
4941 Catalase katB 0.0039
3583 6-phosphogluconolactonase pgl 0.0037
3467 Methylglyoxal synthase mgsA 0.0037
2775 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase pyrD 0.0037
4531 Putative ketoacyl reductase actIII 0.0037
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0036
1039 Histone deacetylase 9 HDAC9 0.0036
2525 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase aroA 0.0035
3201 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase aroA 0.0035
773 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial FPGS 0.0035
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0034
3587 Gastrotropin FABP6 0.0034
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0034
2688 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
2708 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
3004 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
4337 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
4338 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
5368 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
5371 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
6375 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
6378 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
6379 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
6776 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
6900 Peptide deformylase def 0.0033
4534 Cytohesin-2 CYTH2 0.0033
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.0033
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0032
2548 Subtilisin Carlsberg apr 0.0032
4269 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, putative HGPRTase 0.0032
630 Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADSB 0.0031
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0031
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0031
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.003
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.003
5818 Folate receptor alpha FOLR1 0.003
182 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial OGDH 0.003
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0029
760 Fibroblast growth factor 1 FGF1 0.0027
810 Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 0.0027
3391 Heme oxygenase 1 pbsA1 0.0027
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0027
3027 Streptavidin Not Available 0.0027
6167 Organic solute transporter subunit beta OSTB 0.0027
6166 Organic solute transporter subunit alpha OSTA 0.0027
293 Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase GGH 0.0026
276 Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 SLC6A1 0.0026
6102 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2 0.0026
170 Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH5A1 0.0026
6140 Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 0.0025
1650 Heme carrier protein 1 SLC46A1 0.0024
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0024
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0024
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.0024
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0024
5682 Ribonuclease pancreatic RNASE1 0.0023
2287 Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase ATIC 0.0022
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0022
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.002
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.002
6150 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1 SLCO4C1 0.0019
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0019
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0019
24 Thymidylate synthase TMP1 0.0018
359 Thymidylate synthase TYMS 0.0018
2626 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0018
2729 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0018
5352 Thymidylate synthase THYA 0.0018
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0018
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0018
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0018
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0018
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0018
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0018
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0018
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0018
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0018
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.0017
4024 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 SLC25A18 0.0013
4025 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 0.0013
1912 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 SLC1A3 0.0013
4019 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 SLC1A6 0.0013
922 Glutamate receptor 4 GRIA4 0.0013
4021 Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial EARS2 0.0013
4026 Aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPEP 0.0013
4022 Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1 LGSN 0.0013
4023 N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial NAGS 0.0013
4016 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 SLC1A7 0.0013
1047 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 SLC1A2 0.0013
927 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 0.0013
664 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0013
3890 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0013
4020 Glutamyl aminopeptidase ENPEP 0.0013
4018 Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit GRID2 0.0013
915 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 0.0013
925 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 GRM4 0.0013
926 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 GRM7 0.0013
924 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 GRIK3 0.0013
919 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 GRIK4 0.0013
4027 Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit GRID1 0.0013
920 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 GRIK5 0.0013
4017 5-oxoprolinase OPLAH 0.0013
625 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 FOLH1 0.0012
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0012
668 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GCLM 0.0012
3991 Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase NADSYN1 0.0011
3984 Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial PET112L 0.0011
5 Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial GLS2 0.0011
917 Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial GLS 0.0011
355 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] GMPS 0.0011
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.0011
3982 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase PFAS 0.0011
5261 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase purL 0.0011
916 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 0.0011
665 Phosphoserine aminotransferase PSAT1 0.0011
4652 Phosphoserine aminotransferase serC 0.0011
801 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial AADAT 0.0011
3895 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 CCBL2 0.0011
420 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0011
3900 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0011
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.0011
923 Glutamate receptor 3 GRIA3 0.0011
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0011
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0011
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.001
1671 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 SLC1A1 0.001
210 Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase EPRS 0.001
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.001
3877 Growth-inhibiting protein 18 GIG18 0.001
426 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2 0.001
914 Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase FTCD 0.001
763 Tyrosine aminotransferase TAT 0.001
5493 Tyrosine aminotransferase Not Available 0.001
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.001
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.001
586 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic GOT1 0.001
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.001
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.001
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0009
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0009
574 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic BCAT1 0.0009
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0009
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0009
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0009
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0009
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0009
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0008
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0007
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0007
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0007
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