DT-Web

DB08838 - Agmatine


Identification
Name Agmatine
Accession Number DB08838
Type small molecule
Description Agmantine is a natural metabolite of the amino acid arginine. It is formed when arginine is decarboxylated by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase and is found naturally in ragweed pollen, ergot fungi, octopus muscle, herring sperm, sponges, and the mammalian brain. Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. As an investigational drug, it is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy between the ages of 18 to 75 years. Up to now (July 2013), the results of this study have not yet been published. As an experimental drug, agmatine is being studied for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 130.1915
Groups experimental
Monoisotopic Weight 130.121846468
Pharmacology
Indication Agmatine is being studied experimentally for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). As an investigational drug, agamatine is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy.
Mechanism of action The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine. Some of the biochemical mechanisms discovered so far concern agmatine's indication for diabetes, neuroprotection, and psychiatric conditions. In diabetes, agmatine produces hypoglycemia by increasing the release of insulin form pancreatic islet cells and increasing glucose uptake by the cells through increased endorphin release from the adrenal glands. Concerning neuroprotection, agmatine's effects are thought to involve modulation of receptors (NMDA, alpha 2, and imidazoline) and ion channels (ATP sensitive potassium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels) as well as blocking nitric oxide synthesis. Agmatine blocks nitric oxide synthesis by reducing the nitric oxide synthase -2 (NOS-2) protein in astroglial cells and macrophages. With respect to agmatine's benefit in psychiatric disorders, it is suggested that the mechanism involves neurotransmitter receptor modulation of the NMDA, alpha-2, serotonin, opioid, and imidazoline receptors. Specifically when agmatine binds to the imidazoline and alpha 2 receptors, it acts as a neurotransmitter and releases catecholamines from the adrenal gland.
Absorption Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Name Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRA2C
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3381
Nischarin
Name Nischarin
Gene Name NISCH
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3864
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha
Name Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha
Gene Name CHRNA1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Loring RH: Agmatine acts as an antagonist of neuronal nicotinic receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;99(1):207-11. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1
Name Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1
Gene Name GRIN1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Yang XC, Reis DJ: Agmatine selectively blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate subclass of glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Feb;288(2):544-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.716
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
Name ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
Gene Name KCNJ1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Shepherd RM, Hashmi MN, Kane C, Squires PE, Dunne MJ: Elevation of cytosolic calcium by imidazolines in mouse islets of Langerhans: implications for stimulus-response coupling of insulin release. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;119(5):911-6. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6733
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
Name Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
Gene Name CACNA1B
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Weng XC, Gai XD, Zheng JQ, Li J: Agmatine blocked voltage-gated calcium channel in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003 Aug;24(8):746-50. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3076
Acid-sensing ion channel 3
Name Acid-sensing ion channel 3
Gene Name Not Available
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Li WG, Yu Y, Zhang ZD, Cao H, Xu TL: ASIC3 channels integrate agmatine and multiple inflammatory signals through the nonproton ligand sensing domain. Mol Pain. 2010 Dec 8;6:88. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-88. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available

Transporters


Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Name Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Gene Name SLC22A1
Actions substrate
References
  • Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3871
Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Name Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Gene Name SLC22A2
Actions substrate
References
  • Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.331
Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Name Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Gene Name SLC22A3
Actions substrate
References
  • Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.2887
Y+L amino acid transporter 1
Name Y+L amino acid transporter 1
Gene Name Not Available
Actions substrate
References
  • Satriano J, Isome M, Casero RA Jr, Thomson SC, Blantz RC: Polyamine transport system mediates agmatine transport in mammalian cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):C329-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.2053
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.188
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.113
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.1106
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.1073
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.1007
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.099
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0949
1435 Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A SV2A 0.0798
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.074
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0732
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0677
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0673
5251 Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 CBR1 0.0661
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0584
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.0583
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.057
5469 Head decoration protein shp 0.0562
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0531
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.052
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0493
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0491
762 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1 0.0477
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0454
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.045
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0448
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0448
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0447
574 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic BCAT1 0.0436
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0436
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.043
4160 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 CACNA2D2 0.0429
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0426
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0401
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0399
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0388
16 Adenosine A1 receptor ADORA1 0.0385
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0383
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0381
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0378
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0367
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0352
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0349
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0341
471 Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) SLC6A14 0.034
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0339
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0337
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.0334
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0327
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0314
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0312
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0311
725 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor HTR1D 0.031
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0295
813 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2 0.0295
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0293
6154 Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 SLC47A1 0.0288
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0274
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.0265
281 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 PRKAB1 0.0264
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0261
245 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 SLC7A5 0.0254
131 Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2 0.0243
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.0243
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.024
713 Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3 0.0231
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0229
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0226
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.0221
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.022
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0219
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0219
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0215
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.021
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0205
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0205
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0204
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0202
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.0202
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0198
6164 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 POU5F1 0.0197
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0186
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0185
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.018
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0178
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0176
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0175
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0171
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.0165
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.0165
1636 Trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 0.0165
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.0164
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0162
6046 Voltage-gated calcium channel beta 1 subunit splice variant CavB1d CACNB1 0.0162
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0161
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.016
828 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase PAH 0.016
3109 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase phhA 0.016
6010 Thiamine transporter 1 SLC19A2 0.0159
2472 Voltage-gated potassium channel kcsA 0.0157
6366 Voltage-gated potassium channel kcsA 0.0157
4773 Deoxycytidine kinase DCK 0.0153
474 Acetylcholinesterase ACHE 0.0152
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0148
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0148
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.0147
6045 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 CACNA2D3 0.0145
677 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A PCYT1A 0.0145
5626 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B NME2 0.0143
175 Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 TPK1 0.0142
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0141
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.0138
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0137
1064 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 0.013
748 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 PRKAA1 0.013
164 Histamine H4 receptor HRH4 0.0127
4203 Histamine N-methyltransferase HNMT 0.0126
672 Prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor PTGFR 0.0125
5126 Arginase rocF 0.0125
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0123
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.012
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.012
1341 Histamine H3 receptor HRH3 0.0117
4209 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 KCNJ8 0.0116
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0115
5294 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A NME1 0.0115
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0114
740 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0111
865 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0111
2680 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0111
3194 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0111
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0109
696 Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1 0.0108
161 Tubulin beta chain TUBB 0.0106
312 Tubulin beta chain TUB2 0.0106
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0106
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0106
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.0102
982 Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein CARTPT 0.0101
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0101
624 Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase GAMT 0.0097
509 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0097
570 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0097
2559 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0097
3430 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0097
3518 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0097
5301 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0097
5771 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0097
7009 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0097
6160 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 SLCO3A1 0.0096
3961 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 KCNJ5 0.0095
4114 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 CACNB3 0.0092
4112 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 CACNB4 0.0092
342 P protein [Includes: DNA-directed DNA polymerase P 0.0091
612 P protein [Includes: DNA-directed DNA polymerase P 0.0091
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0091
514 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 KCNH6 0.0087
772 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 KCNH7 0.0087
694 Matrix protein 2 M 0.0086
756 Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG 0.0086
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0085
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0085
333 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 0.0083
6165 Copper-transporting ATPase 1 ATP7A 0.008
6163 Copper-transporting ATPase 2 ATP7B 0.008
6432 Transporter snf 0.008
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.0078
1830 5'-nucleotidase NT5E 0.0077
6146 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 0.0077
3704 Spermidine/putrescine-binding periplasmic protein precursor potD 0.0077
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.0077
528 5-hydroxytryptamine 1E receptor HTR1E 0.0075
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0075
6014 Cytochrome P450 2A13 CYP2A13 0.0075
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0074
125 DNA polymerase beta POLB 0.0074
4152 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD1 0.0074
338 DNA polymerase UL30 0.0073
379 DNA polymerase UL54 0.0073
697 DNA polymerase ORF28 0.0073
2482 DNA polymerase 43 0.0073
4104 DNA polymerase BALF5 0.0073
908 Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 GSTT1 0.0073
702 UMP-CMP kinase CMPK1 0.0072
392 Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A CACNA1A 0.007
6171 Solute carrier family 28 member 3 SLC28A3 0.007
2300 Lysozyme E 0.007
3633 Lysozyme R 0.007
5597 Lysozyme 17 0.007
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.007
3929 Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase PHOSPHO1 0.007
3927 Choline transporter-like protein 3 SLC44A3 0.007
3926 Choline transporter-like protein 2 SLC44A2 0.007
3933 Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase CEPT1 0.007
549 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B PCYT1B 0.007
1686 Choline transporter-like protein 1 SLC44A1 0.007
264 Choline/ethanolamine kinase [Includes: Choline kinase beta CHKB 0.007
861 Choline kinase alpha CHKA 0.007
769 High-affinity choline transporter 1 SLC5A7 0.007
3925 Choline transporter-like protein 4 SLC44A4 0.007
700 Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial CHDH 0.007
576 Choline O-acetyltransferase CHAT 0.007
3922 Phospholipase D2 PLD2 0.007
3924 Phospholipase D1 PLD1 0.007
5682 Ribonuclease pancreatic RNASE1 0.0069
132 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 ABCA1 0.0067
3560 Gentamicin 3'-acetyltransferase aacC1 0.0067
749 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal ACCN1 0.0066
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0065
3611 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0065
3707 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0065
4211 Cytidine deaminase CDA 0.0065
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0065
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0065
896 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 GSTM1 0.0064
2184 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR 0.0063
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0063
6138 Multidrug resistance protein 3 ABCB4 0.0061
153 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase DBH 0.0061
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.0061
15 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I CACNA1I 0.0061
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0059
387 Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing] ABP1 0.0059
7187 Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing] ABP1 0.0059
389 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal ACCN2 0.0058
213 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha SCNN1A 0.0058
550 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit delta SCNN1D 0.0058
6111 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4 POLE4 0.0058
827 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 SLC9A1 0.0058
27 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit beta SCNN1B 0.0058
552 Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gamma SCNN1G 0.0058
6112 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3 POLE3 0.0058
535 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G CACNA1G 0.0058
6108 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B RRM2B 0.0058
6110 DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2 POLE2 0.0058
6109 DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A POLE 0.0058
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0058
477 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0056
886 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0056
6226 DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A parC 0.0056
6017 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial CYP11A1 0.0056
404 DNA gyrase subunit A gyrA 0.0055
6224 DNA gyrase subunit A gyrA 0.0055
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.0055
1360 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 0.0055
1759 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 PLA2G6 0.0055
1770 Phospholipase C PLCL1 0.0055
2841 Phospholipase C plc 0.0055
3610 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic TXNRD1 0.0054
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.0052
869 Estrogen receptor beta ESR2 0.0052
4218 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit RRM2 0.005
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0049
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0048
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0048
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0048
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.0048
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.0048
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0048
6104 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 FMO1 0.0048
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0047
731 HIV-1 protease HIV-1 protease 0.0047
29 Tubulin beta-1 chain TUBB1 0.0046
976 Platelet glycoprotein IX GP9 0.0046
303 Diamine acetyltransferase 2 SAT2 0.0045
623 Spermine oxidase SMOX 0.0045
1317 Spermine synthase SMS 0.0045
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0044
603 DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit POLA1 0.0043
737 Mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 0.0043
3755 Nucleoside-specific channel-forming protein tsx precursor tsx 0.0043
2539 Tubulin alpha-1 chain TUBA4A 0.0042
360 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit RRM1 0.0041
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0041
123 Diamine acetyltransferase 1 SAT1 0.004
6140 Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 0.004
817 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha TOP2A 0.004
614 Progesterone receptor PGR 0.0039
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0039
102 DNA topoisomerase I, mitochondrial TOP1MT 0.0038
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0037
805 Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial CYP11B1 0.0037
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0037
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0037
6085 Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal FABP2 0.0036
527 Prostacyclin receptor PTGIR 0.0036
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0036
6167 Organic solute transporter subunit beta OSTB 0.0036
6166 Organic solute transporter subunit alpha OSTA 0.0036
723 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 PLA2G4A 0.0036
1074 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator PLAU 0.0036
1864 RET proto-oncogene RET 0.0034
462 Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 KCNN4 0.0033
1950 Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1 DDR1 0.0033
6094 BCR/ABL fusion protein isoform X9 BCR/ABL fusion 0.0033
6170 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3 ABCA3 0.0033
277 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase PNP 0.0033
2870 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase punA 0.0033
2945 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase punA 0.0033
4659 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase TM_1596 0.0033
4825 Purine nucleoside phosphorylase TTHA1435 0.0033
2251 Thymidylate kinase tmk 0.0033
2254 Thymidylate kinase DTYMK 0.0033
3522 Thymidylate kinase tmk 0.0033
3478 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase rmlA 0.0032
4277 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase rmlA 0.0032
1284 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 NR1I2 0.0032
922 Glutamate receptor 4 GRIA4 0.0032
924 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 GRIK3 0.0032
919 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4 GRIK4 0.0032
920 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 GRIK5 0.0032
4018 Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit GRID2 0.0032
4027 Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit GRID1 0.0032
4024 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 SLC25A18 0.0032
4025 Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1 SLC25A22 0.0032
1912 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 SLC1A3 0.0032
4019 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 SLC1A6 0.0032
4026 Aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPEP 0.0032
915 Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 0.0032
4022 Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1 LGSN 0.0032
4021 Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial EARS2 0.0032
4023 N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial NAGS 0.0032
4016 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 SLC1A7 0.0032
4017 5-oxoprolinase OPLAH 0.0032
1047 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 SLC1A2 0.0032
927 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 GRM8 0.0032
925 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 GRM4 0.0032
664 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0032
3890 Glutamate decarboxylase 2 GAD2 0.0032
926 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 GRM7 0.0032
4020 Glutamyl aminopeptidase ENPEP 0.0032
2257 Uridine phosphorylase udp 0.0031
5132 Uridine phosphorylase udp 0.0031
449 Ornithine decarboxylase ODC1 0.0031
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0031
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0031
6212 Tubulin gamma-1 chain TUBG1 0.0031
6210 Tubulin delta chain TUBD1 0.0031
6211 Tubulin epsilon chain TUBE1 0.0031
1353 DNA topoisomerase 1 TOP1 0.003
3552 DNA topoisomerase 1 topA 0.003
6155 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11 ABCC11 0.003
6218 Pannexin-1 PANX1 0.003
625 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 FOLH1 0.003
751 Potassium channel subfamily K member 6 KCNK6 0.003
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.0029
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0029
233 Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 KCNK2 0.0028
6002 Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype PTGER4 0.0028
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0028
5 Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial GLS2 0.0027
917 Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial GLS 0.0027
355 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] GMPS 0.0027
4353 GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] guaA 0.0027
3984 Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial PET112L 0.0027
3991 Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase NADSYN1 0.0027
6180 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 UGT2B4 0.0027
3982 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase PFAS 0.0027
5261 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase purL 0.0027
668 Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit GCLM 0.0027
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0027
172 Potassium channel subfamily K member 1 KCNK1 0.0027
916 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 0.0027
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0027
4131 Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3 subtype PTGER3 0.0027
406 Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2 subtype PTGER2 0.0026
923 Glutamate receptor 3 GRIA3 0.0026
665 Phosphoserine aminotransferase PSAT1 0.0026
4652 Phosphoserine aminotransferase serC 0.0026
801 Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial AADAT 0.0026
3895 Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 CCBL2 0.0026
420 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0026
3900 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 0.0026
950 Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRA 0.0026
951 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor CSF1R 0.0026
83 Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial AASS 0.0026
210 Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase EPRS 0.0026
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.0026
215 Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha SCN11A 0.0026
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0025
228 Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRB 0.0025
773 Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial FPGS 0.0025
1671 Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 SLC1A1 0.0025
448 Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase GGCX 0.0025
426 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2 0.0025
914 Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase FTCD 0.0024
186 Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit GCLC 0.0024
4217 Telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT 0.0024
6149 Solute carrier family 22 member 10 SLC22A10 0.0024
1629 Transcription factor AP-1 JUN 0.0024
3877 Growth-inhibiting protein 18 GIG18 0.0024
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0024
763 Tyrosine aminotransferase TAT 0.0023
5493 Tyrosine aminotransferase Not Available 0.0023
73 Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP1 subtype PTGER1 0.0023
795 Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial BCAT2 0.0023
586 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic GOT1 0.0023
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0023
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0023
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0023
504 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT 0.0023
2449 Tubulin alpha-3 chain TUBA1A 0.0022
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0022
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0021
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0021
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0021
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0021
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0021
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0021
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.002
489 Monocarboxylate transporter 2 SLC16A7 0.0019
467 Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1 0.0019
6091 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta GABRQ 0.0019
4192 DNA topoisomerase 2-beta TOP2B 0.0019
2320 Thymidine kinase, cytosolic TK1 0.0018
847 Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1 0.0018
6086 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 GABRG2 0.0017
6092 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 GABRR2 0.0017
6090 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi GABRP 0.0017
6088 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 GABRG3 0.0017
6115 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 GABRR3 0.0017
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0017
6093 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta GABRD 0.0017
6087 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 GABRG1 0.0017
6089 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon GABRE 0.0017
142 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 GABRR1 0.0017
4098 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1 GABRB1 0.0016
4099 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 GABRB3 0.0016
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0016
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0016
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.0016
6161 Probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2 SLC31A2 0.0016
841 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 GABRA6 0.0016
530 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 GABRA4 0.0015
523 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 GABRA5 0.0015
580 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 GABRA3 0.0015
423 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 GABRA2 0.0015
872 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 GABRA1 0.0014
3587 Gastrotropin FABP6 0.0012
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0012
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0008
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