DT-Web

DB01363 - Ephedra


Identification
Name Ephedra
Accession Number DB01363
Type small molecule
Description Ephedra is an alkaloid chemical compound traditionally obtained from the plant Ephedra sinica. The sale of ephedra-containing supplements was banned in the United States in 2004. The drug is still sold in Canada in OTC formulations.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight Not Available
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication Ephedra is widely used by athletes, despite a lack of evidence that it enhances athletic performance. Ephedra has also been used for weight loss.
Mechanism of action The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of Ephedra. Pseudoephedrine is used in over-the-counter decongestants. Derivatives of ephedrine are used to treat low blood pressure, but alternatives with reduced cardiovascular risk have replaced it for treating asthma. Ephedrine is also considered a performance-enhancing drug and is prohibited in most competitive sports. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system. Ephedrine increases post-synaptic noradrenergic receptor activity by (weakly) directly activating post-synaptic ?-receptors and ?-receptors, but the bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline or noradrenaline from ephedrine. The ephedrine, mixed with noradrenaline, is transported through the noradrenaline reuptake complex and packaged (along with real noradrenaline) into vesicles that reside at the terminal button of a nerve cell. Ephedrine's action as an agonist at most major noradrenaline receptors and its ability to increase the release of both dopamine and to a lesser extent, serotonin by the same mechanism is presumed to have a major role in its mechanism of action.
Absorption Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Amitriptyline The tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Amoxapine The tricyclic antidepressant, amoxapine, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Clomipramine The tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Desipramine The tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Doxepin The tricyclic antidepressant, doxepin, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Guanethidine Ephedra may decrease the effect of guanethidine.
Imipramine The tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Isocarboxazid Increased arterial pressure
Linezolid Possible increase of arterial pressure
Methyldopa Increased arterial pressure
Midodrine Increased arterial pressure
Moclobemide Moclobemide increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Nortriptyline The tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline, increases the sympathomimetic effect of ephedra.
Phenelzine Increased arterial pressure
Rasagiline Increased arterial pressure
Reserpine Increased arterial pressure
Trandolapril Ephedra may antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Monitor Trandolapril efficacy.
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Name Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Gene Name SLC6A3
Pharmacological action yes
Actions negative modulator
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. - Pubmed
  • Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. - Pubmed
  • Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. - Pubmed
  • Haughey HM, Brown JM, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Differential effects of methamphetamine on Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters. Brain Res. 2000 Apr 28;863(1-2):59-65. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7041
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Name Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Gene Name SLC6A2
Pharmacological action yes
Actions negative modulator
References
  • Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. - Pubmed
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. - Pubmed
  • Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. - Pubmed
  • Haughey HM, Brown JM, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Differential effects of methamphetamine on Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters. Brain Res. 2000 Apr 28;863(1-2):59-65. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.7467
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Name Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRA2A
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. - Pubmed
  • Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5652
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
Name Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRA2B
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. - Pubmed
  • Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3634
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Name Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRA2C
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. - Pubmed
  • Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3529
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
Name Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
Gene Name MAOA
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Ulus IH, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ: Characterization of phentermine and related compounds as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1611-21. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6974
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
Name Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
Gene Name MAOB
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Ulus IH, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ: Characterization of phentermine and related compounds as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1611-21. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0751
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Name Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRB1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9225
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Name Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRB2
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.9244
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
Name Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRB3
Pharmacological action yes
Actions agonist
References
  • Vansal SS, Feller DR: Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):807-10. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.4825
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
Name Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
Gene Name SLC6A4
Pharmacological action yes
Actions negative modulator
References
  • Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25. - Pubmed
  • Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5633
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter
Name Synaptic vesicular amine transporter
Gene Name SLC18A2
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Henry JP, Sagne C, Bedet C, Gasnier B: The vesicular monoamine transporter: from chromaffin granule to brain. Neurochem Int. 1998 Mar;32(3):227-46. - Pubmed
  • Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6813
Chromaffin granule amine transporter
Name Chromaffin granule amine transporter
Gene Name SLC18A1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. - Pubmed
  • Henry JP, Sagne C, Bedet C, Gasnier B: The vesicular monoamine transporter: from chromaffin granule to brain. Neurochem Int. 1998 Mar;32(3):227-46. - Pubmed
  • Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score Not Available

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.4358
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.396
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.2439
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.2173
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.2027
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.1866
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.1863
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.179
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.1537
1636 Trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 0.1528
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.1498
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.1365
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.1325
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.1315
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.111
725 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor HTR1D 0.1093
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.1089
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.1033
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.1021
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.1009
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0933
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0929
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0883
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0878
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0872
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0822
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0715
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0704
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0685
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0681
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0669
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0621
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0602
828 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase PAH 0.0573
3109 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase phhA 0.0573
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0534
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0513
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0507
1820 Beta-nerve growth factor NGF 0.0449
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0433
4146 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma PIK3R3 0.0408
4145 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta PIK3R2 0.0408
6070 Nischarin NISCH 0.0397
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0396
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0386
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0386
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0385
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0383
6164 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 POU5F1 0.0383
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0346
1281 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha PIK3R1 0.0345
709 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ1 0.034
511 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F receptor HTR1F 0.0325
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0319
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.0313
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.0311
982 Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein CARTPT 0.0299
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.0293
777 Tumor necrosis factor TNF 0.0293
1656 CYP2B protein CYP2B 0.0283
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.028
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0254
2300 Lysozyme E 0.0243
3633 Lysozyme R 0.0243
5597 Lysozyme 17 0.0243
5251 Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 CBR1 0.0238
2864 Penton protein PIII 0.0236
474 Acetylcholinesterase ACHE 0.0231
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0231
1176 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MAPK1 0.023
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.0226
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.0219
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0217
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0211
5841 Insulin-like growth factor IB IGF1 0.0206
528 5-hydroxytryptamine 1E receptor HTR1E 0.0194
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0191
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0167
872 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 GABRA1 0.0164
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0164
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.0163
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.016
273 Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 BCL2 0.0149
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0142
6432 Transporter snf 0.0138
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.0134
696 Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1 0.013
215 Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha SCN11A 0.0129
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0125
4292 Acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]--UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase lpxA 0.0124
3076 Antigen 85-C fbpC 0.0122
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0115
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0111
467 Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1 0.0111
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0106
5698 Riboflavin synthase alpha chain ribE 0.0105
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0104
408 Riboflavin kinase RFK 0.0101
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0101
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0101
813 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2 0.0097
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0096
233 Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 KCNK2 0.0095
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0093
6847 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase LCT 0.0093
4114 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 CACNB3 0.0091
4112 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 CACNB4 0.0091
1680 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 SLC2A1 0.0089
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0087
6182 Cytochrome P450 2J2 CYP2J2 0.0086
847 Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1 0.0084
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0084
333 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 0.0082
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0082
3913 Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 0.008
1483 Membrane copper amine oxidase AOC3 0.0076
654 Flavin reductase BLVRB 0.0075
153 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase DBH 0.0073
6023 Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial CYP11B2 0.0073
1360 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 0.0072
3970 Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B CACNA1B 0.0071
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.007
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.007
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.007
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.0068
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0067
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0066
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0065
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0065
805 Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial CYP11B1 0.0064
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0063
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.0063
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0062
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0062
1374 Natriuretic peptides B NPPB 0.0061
1827 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 0.0061
1908 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 VCAM1 0.0061
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0061
694 Matrix protein 2 M 0.0059
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.0056
6014 Cytochrome P450 2A13 CYP2A13 0.0052
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.005
964 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H CACNA1H 0.0048
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0047
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0047
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0047
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0046
183 Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA 0.0045
6100 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2 0.0045
2981 Phospholipase A2, membrane associated PLA2G2A 0.0044
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0042
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0042
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0042
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0041
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.004
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.004
164 Histamine H4 receptor HRH4 0.0039
6133 Sodium channel subunit beta-2 SCN2B 0.0038
6134 Sodium channel subunit beta-3 SCN3B 0.0038
6132 Sodium channel subunit beta-1 SCN1B 0.0038
6135 Sodium channel subunit beta-4 SCN4B 0.0038
6127 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein CA8 0.0038
6129 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11 CA11 0.0038
6128 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 10 CA10 0.0038
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0038
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.0038
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.0038
94 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor HTR4 0.0037
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0037
6086 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 GABRG2 0.0036
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0036
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0036
3803 Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha SCN3A 0.0036
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.0036
6130 Carbonic anhydrase 13 CA13 0.0036
6124 Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial CA5B 0.0035
15 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I CACNA1I 0.0035
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0035
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0035
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0035
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0034
535 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G CACNA1G 0.0034
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0033
6131 Carbonic anhydrase 14 CA14 0.0032
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0032
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.0031
6122 Carbonic anhydrase 3 CA3 0.0031
3802 Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha SCN2A 0.0031
6123 Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial CA5A 0.003
1995 Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha SCN9A 0.0029
3804 Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha SCN4A 0.0029
4205 Carbonic anhydrase 9 CA9 0.0028
3007 Carbonic anhydrase 12 CA12 0.0028
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0027
4160 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 CACNA2D2 0.0027
174 Sigma 1-type opioid receptor SIGMAR1 0.0026
6126 Carbonic anhydrase 7 CA7 0.0026
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.0022
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0022
592 Carbonic anhydrase 4 CA4 0.0021
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.002
4486 Phenol 2-hydroxylase component B pheA2 0.0018
4477 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpdV 0.0018
5077 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0018
5117 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpd 0.0018
4439 Ferredoxin reductase bphA4 0.0018
5078 Amine oxidase, flavin-containing PSPTO1126 0.0018
526 Thioredoxin reductase trxB 0.0018
3767 Thioredoxin reductase trxB 0.0018
5122 Mersacidin decarboxylase mrsD 0.0017
5095 Putidaredoxin reductase camA 0.0017
5107 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F ahpF 0.0017
5118 Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F ahpF 0.0017
5114 Putative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase TT_C0779 0.0017
5109 Outer membrane protein p64k or PM-6 m-6 0.0017
5115 FkbI fkbI 0.0017
3133 UDP-galactopyranose mutase glf 0.0017
5099 UDP-galactopyranose mutase glf 0.0017
5097 PROBABLE DIHYDROLIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE LPDA lpdA 0.0017
3763 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase metF 0.0017
3918 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0017
5094 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase metF 0.0017
5102 4-cresol dehydrogenase [hydroxylating] flavoprotein subunit pchF 0.0017
5111 Phenylacetone monooxygenase pamO 0.0017
1329 Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial AIFM1 0.0017
5083 Cryptochrome DASH cry 0.0017
5100 Gamma-aminobutyrate metabolism dehydratase/isomerase abfD 0.0017
5081 L-aspartate oxidase nadB 0.0017
1410 Oxidoreductase HSD17B6 0.0017
4725 Oxidoreductase Not Available 0.0017
5124 Oxidoreductase Not Available 0.0017
5112 Benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase electron transfer component benC 0.0017
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.0017
4440 NADH peroxidase npr 0.0015
5091 UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase murB 0.0015
5093 UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase murB 0.0015
3102 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0015
4969 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0015
3594 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phr 0.0015
5079 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phrB 0.0015
5080 Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase phr 0.0015
5072 N,N-dimethylglycine oxidase dmg 0.0015
2470 Pyruvate oxidase pox5 0.0015
5073 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase petH 0.0015
5076 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase fpr 0.0015
5119 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase petH 0.0015
5121 Ferredoxin--NADP reductase fpr 0.0015
5075 Sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component cysJ 0.0015
440 Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial IVD 0.0015
667 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 8, mitochondrial ACAD8 0.0015
3506 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial GCDH 0.0015
5003 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain specific Not Available 0.0015
2268 Cholesterol oxidase choB 0.0015
2822 Cholesterol oxidase choA 0.0015
2526 NADPH-ferredoxin reductase fprA fprA 0.0015
6639 Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 ACOX1 0.0015
3247 2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase, carboxylating xecC 0.0015
6689 TraN protein traN 0.0015
6672 Destrin DSTN 0.0015
6680 Cofilin-1 CFL1 0.0015
6670 Ig kappa chain V-I region Bi Not Available 0.0015
6671 Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 Not Available 0.0015
4905 Cytochrome c2 Not Available 0.0015
4939 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0015
4964 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0015
4979 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0015
6673 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0015
6688 TraF protein traF 0.0015
6404 Rhomboid protease glpG glpG 0.0015
6797 Rhomboid protease glpG glpG 0.0015
3710 Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 tesB 0.0015
6685 Outer membrane protein II porB 0.0015
6690 BenF-like porin PFL_1329 0.0015
6681 Probable N-acetylneuraminic acid outer membrane channel protein nanC nanC 0.0015
6687 TraO protein traO 0.0015
5793 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 MT-CO2 0.0015
6559 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 ctaC 0.0015
6669 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 ctaC 0.0015
6668 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1-beta ctaDII 0.0015
6679 Colicin-Ia cia 0.0015
6676 Fe(3+)-pyochelin receptor fptA 0.0015
115 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0015
6069 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0015
6118 Penicillin-binding protein 2 penA 0.0015
6187 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0015
6686 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbp2 0.0015
6939 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0015
7163 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0015
6674 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 NFE2L1 0.0015
327 Glutathione reductase gor 0.0015
5110 Glutathione reductase GR2 0.0015
756 Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG 0.0015
178 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 0.0015
812 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DLD 0.0015
126 D-lactate dehydrogenase dld 0.0014
3545 D-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0014
4510 D-lactate dehydrogenase ldhA 0.0014
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0014
3185 Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADM 0.0014
3254 Bifunctional protein putA [Includes: Proline dehydrogenase putA 0.0014
2893 Glycine oxidase thiO 0.0014
605 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0014
2709 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit SO_0970 0.0014
3673 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit fccA 0.0014
4912 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit ifcA 0.0014
6549 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0014
6017 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial CYP11A1 0.0014
3573 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH] fadH 0.0013
2567 Thymidylate synthase thyX thyX 0.0013
2823 Trypanothione reductase TPR 0.0013
2769 P-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase pobA 0.0013
2809 P-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase pobA 0.0013
839 Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADS 0.0013
4760 Mll3241 protein mll3241 0.0013
3395 Iron(III) dicitrate transport protein fecA fecA 0.0013
6385 H subunit of photosynthetic reaction center complex puhA 0.0013
6474 Outer membrane protein W ompW 0.0013
6678 Colicin I receptor cirA 0.0013
3578 Protein crcA crcA 0.0013
6675 Colicin-E3 ceaC 0.0013
2925 Long-chain fatty acid transport protein fadL 0.0013
6480 Outer membrane usher protein papC papC 0.0013
6438 Outer membrane protein G ompG 0.0013
2447 Ammonia channel amtB 0.0013
2380 Monomeric sarcosine oxidase soxA 0.0012
3610 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic TXNRD1 0.0012
6645 D-amino-acid oxidase DAO 0.0012
6428 Light-harvesting protein B-800/850 beta chain Not Available 0.0012
6427 Light-harvesting protein B-800/850 alpha chain Not Available 0.0012
6533 Light-harvesting protein B-800/850 alpha chain A1 0.0012
6524 Protein tonB tonB 0.0012
2679 Vitamin B12 transporter btuB btuB 0.0012
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0011
6677 Myelin P2 protein PMP2 0.0011
1302 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+] DPYD 0.0011
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.001
714 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial GSR 0.001
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.001
392 Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A CACNA1A 0.001
6352 Reaction center protein H chain puhA 0.001
6456 Reaction center protein H chain puhA 0.001
6682 Reaction center protein H chain puhA 0.001
6353 Reaction center protein L chain pufL 0.001
6454 Reaction center protein L chain pufL 0.001
6683 Reaction center protein L chain pufL 0.001
6354 Reaction center protein M chain pufM 0.001
6455 Reaction center protein M chain pufM 0.001
6684 Reaction center protein M chain pufM 0.001
6351 Photosynthetic reaction center cytochrome c subunit pufC 0.001
2828 Squalene--hopene cyclase shc 0.0009
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.0009
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0009
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0009
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.0009
424 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DHODH 0.0008
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0007
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0007
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0006
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0006
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