DT-Web: DB00122

Identification
Name	Choline
Accession Number	DB00122 (NUTR00020)
Type	small molecule
Description	A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [PubChem]
Structure	MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories ^(*)	Dietary supplement Micronutrient Nootropic Agents Lipotropic Agents
Molecular Weight	104.1708
Groups	approved
Monoisotopic Weight	104.107539075
Pharmacology
Indication	For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
Mechanism of action	Choline is a major part of the polar head group of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes: information flow, intracellular communication and bioenergetics. Inadequate choline intake would negatively affect all these processes. Choline is also a major part of another membrane phospholipid, sphingomyelin, also important for the maintenance of cell structure and function. It is noteworthy and not surprising that choline deficiency in cell culture causes apoptosis or programmed cell death. This appears to be due to abnormalities in cell membrane phosphatidylcholine content and an increase in ceramide, a precursor, as well as a metabolite, of sphingomyelin. Ceramide accumulation, which is caused by choline deficiency, appears to activate Caspase, a type of enzyme that mediates apoptosis. Betaine or trimethylglycine is derived from choline via an oxidation reaction. Betaine is one of the factors that maintains low levels of homocysteine by resynthesizing L-methionine from homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, as well as other cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Acetylcholine is one of the major neurotransmitters and requires choline for its synthesis. Adequate acetylcholine levels in the brain are believed to be protective against certain types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
Absorption	Not Available
Protein binding	Not Available
Biotransformation	Not Available
Route of elimination	Not Available
Toxicity	Oral rat LD₅₀: 3400 mg/kg
Affected organisms	Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions	Not Available
Food Interactions	Not Available

Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B
Name	Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B
Gene Name	PCYT1B
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed Wang L, Magdaleno S, Tabas I, Jackowski S: Early embryonic lethality in mice with targeted deletion of the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha gene (Pcyt1a). Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Apr;25(8):3357-63. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1528
Acetylcholinesterase
Name	Acetylcholinesterase
Gene Name	ACHE
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Amenta F, Tayebati SK, Vitali D, Di Tullio MA: Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 Feb;127(2):173-9. Epub 2005 Nov 16. - Pubmed Longobardi F, Solfrizzo M, Compagnone D, Del Carlo M, Visconti A: Use of electrochemical biosensor and gas chromatography for determination of dichlorvos in wheat. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Nov 30;53(24):9389-94. - Pubmed Durcan N, Costello RW, McLean WG, Blusztajn J, Madziar B, Fenech AG, Hall IP, Gleich GJ, McGarvey L, Walsh MT: Eosinophil-mediated cholinergic nerve remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006 Jun;34(6):775-86. Epub 2006 Feb 2. - Pubmed Alkondon M, Albuquerque EX: Subtype-specific inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by choline: a regulatory pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):268-75. Epub 2006 Mar 24. - Pubmed Anzai J: [Use of biosensors for detecting organophosphorus agents] Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Dec;126(12):1301-8. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.4263
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A
Name	Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A
Gene Name	PCYT1A
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Enaw JO, Zhu H, Yang W, Lu W, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Finnell RH: CHKA and PCYT1A gene polymorphisms, choline intake and spina bifida risk in a California population. BMC Med. 2006 Dec 21;4:36. - Pubmed Li L, She H, Yue SJ, Qin XQ, Guan CX, Liu HJ, Luo ZQ: Role of c-fos gene in vasoactive intestinal peptide promoted synthesis of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. Regul Pept. 2007 May 3;140(3):117-24. Epub 2007 Jan 10. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.8862
Phospholipase D2
Name	Phospholipase D2
Gene Name	PLD2
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Lee JS, Kim JH, Jang IH, Kim HS, Han JM, Kazlauskas A, Yagisawa H, Suh PG, Ryu SH: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain of phospholipase D1 and stimulates its activity. J Cell Sci. 2005 Oct 1;118(Pt 19):4405-13. - Pubmed Singh AT, Frohman MA, Stern PH: Parathyroid hormone stimulates phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis by phospholipase D in osteoblastic cells. Lipids. 2005 Nov;40(11):1135-40. - Pubmed Paruch S, Heinis M, Lemay J, Hoeffel G, Maranon C, Hosmalin A, Perianin A: CCR5 signaling through phospholipase D involves p44/42 MAP-kinases and promotes HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression. FASEB J. 2007 Jul 12;. - Pubmed Szumilo M, Rahden-Staron I: [Phospholipase D in mammalian cells: structure, properties, physiological and pathological role] Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2006;60:421-30. - Pubmed Fensome-Green A, Cockcroft S: Reconstitution system based on cytosol-depleted cells to study the regulation of phospholipase D. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;332:299-310. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1498
Cholinesterase
Name	Cholinesterase
Gene Name	BCHE
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Hsieh BC, Matsumoto K, Cheng TJ, Yuu G, Chen RL: Choline biosensor constructed with chitinous membrane from soldier crab and its application in measuring cholinesterase inhibitory activities. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Jan 24;. - Pubmed Amenta F, Tayebati SK, Vitali D, Di Tullio MA: Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 Feb;127(2):173-9. Epub 2005 Nov 16. - Pubmed Lurie S, Sadan O, Oron G, Fux A, Boaz M, Ezri T, Golan A, Bar J: Reduced pseudocholinesterase activity in patients with HELLP syndrome. Reprod Sci. 2007 Feb;14(2):192-6. - Pubmed Calaf GM, Roy D: Gene expression signature of parathion-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2007 May;19(5):741-50. - Pubmed Stoytcheva M, Zlatev R, Valdez B, Magnin JP, Velkova Z: Electrochemical sensor based on Arthrobacter globiformis for cholinesterase activity determination. Biosens Bioelectron. 2006 Jul 15;22(1):1-9. Epub 2005 Dec 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.0109
Phospholipase D1
Name	Phospholipase D1
Gene Name	PLD1
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Lee JS, Kim JH, Jang IH, Kim HS, Han JM, Kazlauskas A, Yagisawa H, Suh PG, Ryu SH: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain of phospholipase D1 and stimulates its activity. J Cell Sci. 2005 Oct 1;118(Pt 19):4405-13. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1497
Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase
Name	Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase
Gene Name	PHOSPHO1
Pharmacological action	unknown
Actions	product of
References	Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1497

Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase
Name	Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase
Gene Name	CEPT1
Actions	substrate
References	Wright MM, McMaster CR: PC and PE synthesis: mixed micellar analysis of the cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities of human choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1). Lipids. 2002 Jul;37(7):663-72. - Pubmed Henneberry AL, Wistow G, McMaster CR: Cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of a human cholinephosphotransferase. J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 22;275(38):29808-15. - Pubmed Henneberry AL, McMaster CR: Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochem J. 1999 Apr 15;339 ( Pt 2):291-8. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1494
Choline/ethanolamine kinase [Includes: Choline kinase beta
Name	Choline/ethanolamine kinase [Includes: Choline kinase beta
Gene Name	CHKB
Actions	substrate
References	Sher RB, Aoyama C, Huebsch KA, Ji S, Kerner J, Yang Y, Frankel WN, Hoppel CL, Wood PA, Vance DE, Cox GA: A rostrocaudal muscular dystrophy caused by a defect in choline kinase beta, the first enzyme in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):4938-48. Epub 2005 Dec 21. - Pubmed Eliyahu G, Kreizman T, Degani H: Phosphocholine as a biomarker of breast cancer: molecular and biochemical studies. Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 15;120(8):1721-30. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1507
Choline O-acetyltransferase
Name	Choline O-acetyltransferase
Gene Name	CHAT
Actions	substrate
References	Kim AR, Dobransky T, Rylett RJ, Shilton BH: Surface-entropy reduction used in the crystallization of human choline acetyltransferase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Sep;61(Pt 9):1306-10. Epub 2005 Aug 16. - Pubmed Bikopoulos GJ, Hoque T, Webb RA: Infection with the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta induces changes in acetylcholine metabolism and muscarinic receptor mRNA expression in the rat jejunum. Parasitol Res. 2006 Aug;99(3):231-7. Epub 2006 Mar 16. - Pubmed Opazo P, Saud K, de Saint Pierre M, Cardenas AM, Allen DD, Segura-Aguilar J, Caviedes R, Caviedes P: Knockdown of amyloid precursor protein normalizes cholinergic function in a cell line derived from the cerebral cortex of a trisomy 16 mouse: An animal model of down syndrome. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Nov 1;84(6):1303-10. - Pubmed Kim AR, Rylett RJ, Shilton BH: Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of human choline acetyltransferase. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 12;45(49):14621-31. - Pubmed Mehl A, Schanke TM, Torvik A, Fonnum F: The effect of trichlorfon and methylazoxymethanol on the development of guinea pig cerebellum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;219(2-3):128-35. Epub 2006 Nov 1. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1493
Choline kinase alpha
Name	Choline kinase alpha
Gene Name	CHKA
Actions	substrate
References	Li Z, Agellon LB, Vance DE: Phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and liver failure. J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 11;280(45):37798-802. Epub 2005 Sep 6. - Pubmed Glunde K, Raman V, Mori N, Bhujwalla ZM: RNA interference-mediated choline kinase suppression in breast cancer cells induces differentiation and reduces proliferation. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):11034-43. - Pubmed Malito E, Sekulic N, Too WC, Konrad M, Lavie A: Elucidation of human choline kinase crystal structures in complex with the products ADP or phosphocholine. J Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 24;364(2):136-51. Epub 2006 Sep 3. - Pubmed Eliyahu G, Kreizman T, Degani H: Phosphocholine as a biomarker of breast cancer: molecular and biochemical studies. Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 15;120(8):1721-30. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1508
Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Name	Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Gene Name	CHDH
Actions	substrate
References	Slow S, Garrow TA: Liver choline dehydrogenase and kidney betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression are not affected by methionine or choline intake in growing rats. J Nutr. 2006 Sep;136(9):2279-83. - Pubmed Bidulescu A, Chambless LE, Siega-Riz AM, Zeisel SH, Heiss G: Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Jul 13;7:20. - Pubmed Quan R, Shang M, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhang J: Engineering of enhanced glycine betaine synthesis improves drought tolerance in maize. Plant Biotechnol J. 2004 Nov;2(6):477-86. - Pubmed Dalmeijer GW, Olthof MR, Verhoef P, Bots ML, van der Schouw YT: Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar 21;. - Pubmed da Costa KA, Kozyreva OG, Song J, Galanko JA, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH: Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. FASEB J. 2006 Jul;20(9):1336-44. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1493

Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Name	Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Gene Name	SLC22A2
Actions	substrate,inhibitor
References	Sweet DH, Miller DS, Pritchard JB: Ventricular choline transport: a role for organic cation transporter 2 expressed in choroid plexus. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41611-9. Epub 2001 Sep 11. - Pubmed Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. - Pubmed Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. - Pubmed Okuda M, Urakami Y, Saito H, Inui K: Molecular mechanisms of organic cation transport in OCT2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 4;1417(2):224-31. - Pubmed Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. - Pubmed Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H: Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;16(7):871-81. - Pubmed Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. - Pubmed Budiman T, Bamberg E, Koepsell H, Nagel G: Mechanism of electrogenic cation transport by the cloned organic cation transporter 2 from rat. J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 22;275(38):29413-20. - Pubmed Pan G, Winter TN, Roberts JC, Fairbanks CA, Elmquist WF: Organic cation uptake is enhanced in bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells. Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):138-45. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.6466
Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Name	Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Gene Name	SLC22A1
Actions	substrate,inhibitor
References	Bednarczyk D, Ekins S, Wikel JH, Wright SH: Influence of molecular structure on substrate binding to the human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;63(3):489-98. - Pubmed Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, Yost SC, Terashita S, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;51(6):913-21. - Pubmed Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. - Pubmed Kakehi M, Koyabu N, Nakamura T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Functional characterization of mouse cation transporter mOCT2 compared with mOCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Aug 23;296(3):644-50. - Pubmed Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Chun JK, Babbitt PC, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A). J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16548-54. - Pubmed Okuda M, Urakami Y, Saito H, Inui K: Molecular mechanisms of organic cation transport in OCT2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 4;1417(2):224-31. - Pubmed Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. - Pubmed Jonker JW, Wagenaar E, Mol CA, Buitelaar M, Koepsell H, Smit JW, Schinkel AH: Reduced hepatic uptake and intestinal excretion of organic cations in mice with a targeted disruption of the organic cation transporter 1 (Oct1 [Slc22a1]) gene. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;21(16):5471-7. - Pubmed Sinclair CJ, Chi KD, Subramanian V, Ward KL, Green RM: Functional expression of a high affinity mammalian hepatic choline/organic cation transporter. J Lipid Res. 2000 Nov;41(11):1841-8. - Pubmed Green RM, Lo K, Sterritt C, Beier DR: Cloning and functional expression of a mouse liver organic cation transporter. Hepatology. 1999 May;29(5):1556-62. - Pubmed Busch AE, Quester S, Ulzheimer JC, Waldegger S, Gorboulev V, Arndt P, Lang F, Koepsell H: Electrogenic properties and substrate specificity of the polyspecific rat cation transporter rOCT1. J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 20;271(51):32599-604. - Pubmed Sweet DH, Miller DS, Pritchard JB: Ventricular choline transport: a role for organic cation transporter 2 expressed in choroid plexus. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41611-9. Epub 2001 Sep 11. - Pubmed Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. - Pubmed Gorboulev V, Volk C, Arndt P, Akhoundova A, Koepsell H: Selectivity of the polyspecific cation transporter rOCT1 is changed by mutation of aspartate 475 to glutamate. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;56(6):1254-61. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.7061
Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Name	Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Gene Name	SLC22A3
Actions	inhibitor
References	Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Wang H, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15971-9. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.6248
Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
Name	Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
Gene Name	SLC22A5
Actions	inhibitor
References	Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. - Pubmed Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. - Pubmed Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu JI, Sai Y, Kobayashi D, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):40064-72. - Pubmed Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.6549
Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1
Name	Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1
Gene Name	SLC22A4
Actions	inhibitor
References	Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	0.6224
Choline transporter-like protein 1
Name	Choline transporter-like protein 1
Gene Name	SLC44A1
Actions	substrate
References	Inazu M, Takeda H, Matsumiya T: Molecular and functional characterization of an Na+-independent choline transporter in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2005 Sep;94(5):1427-37. Epub 2005 Jul 5. - Pubmed Fullerton MD, Wagner L, Yuan Z, Bakovic M: Impaired trafficking of choline transporter-like protein-1 at plasma membrane and inhibition of choline transport in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):C1230-8. Epub 2005 Nov 30. - Pubmed Tomi M, Arai K, Tachikawa M, Hosoya K: Na(+)-independent choline transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Neurochem Res. 2007 Nov;32(11):1833-42. Epub 2007 May 23. - Pubmed Ishiguro N, Oyabu M, Sato T, Maeda T, Minami H, Tamai I: Decreased Biosynthesis of Lung Surfactant Constituent Phosphatidylcholine Due to Inhibition of Choline Transporter by Gefitinib in Lung Alveolar Cells. Pharm Res. 2007 Jul 12;. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1497
Choline transporter-like protein 4
Name	Choline transporter-like protein 4
Gene Name	SLC44A4
Actions	substrate
References	Tomi M, Arai K, Tachikawa M, Hosoya K: Na(+)-independent choline transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Neurochem Res. 2007 Nov;32(11):1833-42. Epub 2007 May 23. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1505
Choline transporter-like protein 2
Name	Choline transporter-like protein 2
Gene Name	SLC44A2
Actions	substrate
References	Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1506
Choline transporter-like protein 3
Name	Choline transporter-like protein 3
Gene Name	SLC44A3
Actions	substrate
References	Tomi M, Arai K, Tachikawa M, Hosoya K: Na(+)-independent choline transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Neurochem Res. 2007 Nov;32(11):1833-42. Epub 2007 May 23. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1497
High-affinity choline transporter 1
Name	High-affinity choline transporter 1
Gene Name	SLC5A7
Actions	substrate
References	Ribeiro FM, Black SA, Cregan SP, Prado VF, Prado MA, Rylett RJ, Ferguson SS: Constitutive high-affinity choline transporter endocytosis is determined by a carboxyl-terminal tail dileucine motif. J Neurochem. 2005 Jul;94(1):86-96. - Pubmed Geldenhuys WJ, Lockman PR, Philip AE, McAfee JH, Miller BL, McCurdy CR, Allen DD: Inhibition of choline uptake by N-cyclohexylcholine, a high affinity ligand for the choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier. J Drug Target. 2005 May;13(4):259-66. - Pubmed Guidry G, Willison BD, Blakely RD, Landis SC, Habecker BA: Developmental expression of the high affinity choline transporter in cholinergic sympathetic neurons. Auton Neurosci. 2005 Dec 30;123(1-2):54-61. Epub 2005 Nov 8. - Pubmed Parikh V, Sarter M: Cortical choline transporter function measured in vivo using choline-sensitive microelectrodes: clearance of endogenous and exogenous choline and effects of removal of cholinergic terminals. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97(2):488-503. Epub 2006 Mar 15. - Pubmed Parikh V, Apparsundaram S, Kozak R, Richards JB, Sarter M: Reduced expression and capacity of the striatal high-affinity choline transporter in hyperdopaminergic mice. Neuroscience. 2006 Aug 11;141(1):379-89. Epub 2006 May 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score	1.1493

Id	Partner name	Gene Name	Score
4119	Cytochrome P450 2D6	CYP2D6	0.1442
1588	Multidrug resistance protein 1	ABCB1	0.1389
4512	Cytochrome P450 3A4	CYP3A4	0.1247
4200	Cytochrome P450 1A2	CYP1A2	0.0923
813	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	CHRNA2	0.0887
6142	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	SLC22A8	0.0852
1729	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	SLC22A6	0.08
617	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	CHRM2	0.0744
1735	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	ABCC2	0.0706
862	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1	ABCC1	0.0623
766	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	ADRB2	0.0585
6016	Cytochrome P450 2C19	CYP2C19	0.0544
4757	Cytochrome P450 2C9	CYP2C9	0.0543
1732	ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2	ABCG2	0.0535
51	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	CHRM3	0.0512
4118	Cytochrome P450 3A5	CYP3A5	0.0501
103	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	CHRM1	0.0496
1974	Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform	SLC15A2	0.0491
1539	Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform	SLC15A1	0.0472
5626	Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B	NME2	0.0458
556	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	ADRA1A	0.0456
6107	Cytochrome P450 3A7	CYP3A7	0.0428
4773	Deoxycytidine kinase	DCK	0.0425
4097	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	CHRNA9	0.0412
378	Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	ADRA2C	0.0406
6024	Cytochrome P450 1A1	CYP1A1	0.0396
6030	Cytochrome P450 2B6	CYP2B6	0.0394
492	Histamine H1 receptor	HRH1	0.0378
702	UMP-CMP kinase	CMPK1	0.0377
6139	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2	SLCO1A2	0.0376
220	Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	SCN5A	0.0364
318	Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	ADRA2A	0.0354
3454	Esterase	estA	0.0353
5294	Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A	NME1	0.0353
1024	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	SLC22A11	0.035
2164	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	ABCC4	0.0348
629	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	ADRA2B	0.0348
6154	Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1	SLC47A1	0.0347
131	Synaptic vesicular amine transporter	SLC18A2	0.0345
1709	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2	ABCC3	0.0343
124	Histamine H2 receptor	HRH2	0.0341
1490	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	SLCO1B1	0.034
477	DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A	parC	0.034
886	DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A	parC	0.034
6226	DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A	parC	0.034
404	DNA gyrase subunit A	gyrA	0.0334
6224	DNA gyrase subunit A	gyrA	0.0334
6013	Cytochrome P450 2E1	CYP2E1	0.0327
5259	Transcriptional regulator	ntrC1	0.0327
6699	Transcriptional regulator	Cgl2612	0.0327
458	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	CHRNA10	0.0322
540	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	SLC6A2	0.0321
831	D(2) dopamine receptor	DRD2	0.0314
4924	Cytochrome P450 2C8	CYP2C8	0.0311
587	Serum albumin	ALB	0.031
713	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	SLC6A3	0.0299
776	Bile salt export pump	ABCB11	0.0291
341	5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor	HTR3A	0.0286
1181	Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1	ORM1	0.0286
193	Beta-1 adrenergic receptor	ADRB1	0.0286
2472	Voltage-gated potassium channel	kcsA	0.0285
6366	Voltage-gated potassium channel	kcsA	0.0285
6143	Solute carrier family 22 member 7	SLC22A7	0.028
198	Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	SCN10A	0.0279
4264	Alpha-L-fucosidase, putative	TM_0306	0.0278
502	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor	HTR2A	0.0266
817	DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha	TOP2A	0.0264
281	5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1	PRKAB1	0.0264
1064	DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1	DNMT1	0.0263
245	Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1	SLC7A5	0.0254
5718	Cytochrome P450 2A6	CYP2A6	0.0252
6010	Thiamine transporter 1	SLC19A2	0.0248
3704	Spermidine/putrescine-binding periplasmic protein precursor	potD	0.0242
449	Ornithine decarboxylase	ODC1	0.0233
23	D(1A) dopamine receptor	DRD1	0.0228
824	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	SLC6A4	0.0226
624	Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase	GAMT	0.0225
6106	Cytochrome P450 2C18	CYP2C18	0.0223
632	Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	ADRA1B	0.0223
5126	Arginase	rocF	0.0223
175	Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1	TPK1	0.0222
6160	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1	SLCO3A1	0.022
789	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	ADRA1D	0.0218
6794	Uncharacterized lipoprotein ybbD	ybbD	0.0213
2662	Glutamate racemase	murI	0.0213
6299	Glutamate racemase	murI	0.0213
6641	Glutamate racemase	murI	0.0213
6771	Glutamate racemase	murI	0.0213
6892	Glutamate racemase	murI	0.0213
6795	Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase	ptsP	0.0213
435	Kynureninase	KYNU	0.0213
4654	Kynureninase	kynU	0.0213
2433	Capsid protein P40	UL80	0.0213
3569	Capsid protein P40	BVRF2	0.0213
3941	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	MAOA	0.0212
706	Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A	GRIN3A	0.021
3560	Gentamicin 3'-acetyltransferase	aacC1	0.021
2429	Putrescine-binding periplasmic protein	potF	0.0206
6164	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1	POU5F1	0.0206
3939	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	MAOB	0.0198
1636	Trace amine-associated receptor 1	TAAR1	0.0195
1632	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1	SLCO2B1	0.0194
3947	Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase	XDH	0.0193
2049	Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	CCKBR	0.0191
3076	Antigen 85-C	fbpC	0.0187
738	Monocarboxylate transporter 1	SLC16A1	0.0174
150	Cationic amino acid transporter 3	SLC7A3	0.0173
235	High-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1	SLC7A1	0.0173
58	Cationic amino acid transporter 4	SLC7A4	0.0173
6070	Nischarin	NISCH	0.0172
3610	Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic	TXNRD1	0.017
3970	Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	CACNA1B	0.0169
7	Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	NOS2	0.0162
982	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein	CARTPT	0.0161
1757	Myeloperoxidase	MPO	0.0161
6148	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7	ABCC10	0.0161
2517	Subtilisin BPN'	apr	0.0155
1898	Cytochrome P450 1B1	CYP1B1	0.0154
159	Penicillin-binding protein 2B	penA	0.0153
6121	Penicillin-binding protein 2B	penA	0.0153
147	Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	ALDH2	0.0152
113	S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme	AMD1	0.0152
4203	Histamine N-methyltransferase	HNMT	0.0152
1341	Histamine H3 receptor	HRH3	0.0151
638	D(3) dopamine receptor	DRD3	0.0149
2796	Parathion hydrolase	opd	0.0147
6539	Parathion hydrolase	opd	0.0147
164	Histamine H4 receptor	HRH4	0.0145
6137	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6	ABCC6	0.0142
303	Diamine acetyltransferase 2	SAT2	0.0141
1317	Spermine synthase	SMS	0.0141
623	Spermine oxidase	SMOX	0.0141
465	Calmodulin	CALM1	0.0139
3811	Cytochrome P450 19A1	CYP19A1	0.0137
828	Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase	PAH	0.0136
3109	Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase	phhA	0.0136
948	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	CHRNB2	0.0136
6080	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	CHRNA5	0.0136
6082	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	CHRNB3	0.0136
20	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	PTGS1	0.0136
101	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	KCNH2	0.0134
6136	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5	ABCC5	0.0133
244	Angiotensin-converting enzyme	ACE	0.0133
1517	Beta-3 adrenergic receptor	ADRB3	0.0132
6153	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1	SLCO4A1	0.0132
6432	Transporter	snf	0.0131
401	Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1	GRIN1	0.0131
6014	Cytochrome P450 2A13	CYP2A13	0.013
737	Mineralocorticoid receptor	NR3C2	0.013
748	5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1	PRKAA1	0.013
749	Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal	ACCN1	0.0129
6098	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2	KCND2	0.0127
6099	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3	KCND3	0.0127
123	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	SAT1	0.0127
2300	Lysozyme	E	0.0127
3633	Lysozyme	R	0.0127
5597	Lysozyme	17	0.0127
274	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	CHRM5	0.0126
709	ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1	KCNJ1	0.0126
672	Prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor	PTGFR	0.0125
6081	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	CHRNA6	0.0125
5682	Ribonuclease pancreatic	RNASE1	0.0125
2929	(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase	dhlB	0.0124
2995	(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase	Not Available	0.0124
450	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	CHRM4	0.0122
320	5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor	HTR1A	0.012
6141	Sodium/bile acid cotransporter	SLC10A1	0.0118
387	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	ABP1	0.0117
7187	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	ABP1	0.0117
4209	ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8	KCNJ8	0.0116
6078	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	CHRNB4	0.0116
976	Platelet glycoprotein IX	GP9	0.0115
827	Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1	SLC9A1	0.0115
389	Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal	ACCN2	0.0114
213	Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha	SCNN1A	0.0113
552	Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gamma	SCNN1G	0.0113
550	Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit delta	SCNN1D	0.0113
27	Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit beta	SCNN1B	0.0113
290	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	PTGS2	0.0113
221	Lysyl-tRNA synthetase	KARS	0.0112
577	Argininosuccinate lyase	ASL	0.0107
6151	Monocarboxylate transporter 10	SLC16A10	0.0106
161	Tubulin beta chain	TUBB	0.0106
312	Tubulin beta chain	TUB2	0.0106
6079	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	CHRNA3	0.0104
2998	Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7	SIGLEC7	0.0104
756	Sex hormone-binding globulin	SHBG	0.0104
633	Penicillin-binding proteins 1A/1B	pbpA	0.0104
805	Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial	CYP11B1	0.0103
115	Penicillin-binding protein 2	mrdA	0.0099
6069	Penicillin-binding protein 2	mrdA	0.0099
6118	Penicillin-binding protein 2	penA	0.0099
6187	Penicillin-binding protein 2	pbpA	0.0099
6686	Penicillin-binding protein 2	pbp2	0.0099
6939	Penicillin-binding protein 2	mrdA	0.0099
7163	Penicillin-binding protein 2	pbpA	0.0099
1360	Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase	SMPD1	0.0099
619	Low-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 2	SLC7A2	0.0098
4674	2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase	cumD	0.0097
509	Thymidine kinase	TK	0.0097
570	Thymidine kinase	TK	0.0097
2559	Thymidine kinase	TK	0.0097
3430	Thymidine kinase	tdk	0.0097
3518	Thymidine kinase	TK	0.0097
5301	Thymidine kinase	tdk	0.0097
5771	Thymidine kinase	ORF36	0.0097
7009	Thymidine kinase	ORF36	0.0097
4787	Envelope glycoprotein gp160	env	0.0094
4820	Envelope glycoprotein gp160	env	0.0094
5727	Envelope glycoprotein gp160	env	0.0094
6165	Copper-transporting ATPase 1	ATP7A	0.0093
6163	Copper-transporting ATPase 2	ATP7B	0.0093
342	P protein [Includes: DNA-directed DNA polymerase	P	0.0091
612	P protein [Includes: DNA-directed DNA polymerase	P	0.0091
380	Cytochrome P450 17A1	CYP17A1	0.0089
6146	High affinity copper uptake protein 1	SLC31A1	0.0089
499	Arginine decarboxylase	ADC	0.0089
163	D(1B) dopamine receptor	DRD5	0.0088
4604	Liver carboxylesterase 1	CES1	0.0088
109	Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein CACL	SLC25A29	0.0087
636	Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein	SLC25A20	0.0087
514	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6	KCNH6	0.0087
772	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7	KCNH7	0.0087
144	Hemoglobin subunit alpha	HBA1	0.0087
3176	Trypsin-1	PRSS1	0.0086
436	5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor	HTR2B	0.0086
4152	Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	SOD1	0.0086
694	Matrix protein 2	M	0.0086
5878	Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit	CHRFAM7A	0.0085
6104	Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1	FMO1	0.0085
908	Glutathione S-transferase theta-1	GSTT1	0.0085
6158	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1	SLCO1C1	0.0085
834	Arginase-2, mitochondrial	ARG2	0.0084
462	Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4	KCNN4	0.0084
432	D(4) dopamine receptor	DRD4	0.0084
1	Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI	ftsI	0.0083
4155	Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI	ftsI	0.0083
614	Progesterone receptor	PGR	0.0082
904	Glutathione S-transferase P	GSTP1	0.0082
4095	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	CHRNA7	0.0082
947	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	CHRNA4	0.0082
275	Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase	ALOX5	0.0079
153	Dopamine beta-hydroxylase	DBH	0.0079
1830	5'-nucleotidase	NT5E	0.0077
867	Penicillin-binding protein 3	pbpC	0.0077
6119	Penicillin-binding protein 3	pbp3	0.0077
7154	Penicillin-binding protein 3	pbp3	0.0077
7157	Penicillin-binding protein 3	LMHCC_2184	0.0077
7162	Penicillin-binding protein 3	pbpB	0.0077
7172	Penicillin-binding protein 3	pbp3	0.0077
136	Estrogen receptor	ESR1	0.0077
740	Argininosuccinate synthase	ASS1	0.0076
865	Argininosuccinate synthase	ASS1	0.0076
2680	Argininosuccinate synthase	argG	0.0076
3194	Argininosuccinate synthase	argG	0.0076
6152	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1	SLCO2A1	0.0075
896	Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1	GSTM1	0.0075
6168	Solute carrier family 22 member 16	SLC22A16	0.0075
751	Potassium channel subfamily K member 6	KCNK6	0.0075
146	Androgen receptor	AR	0.0075
200	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	CPT2	0.0074
451	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform	CPT1A	0.0074
125	DNA polymerase beta	POLB	0.0074
338	DNA polymerase	UL30	0.0073
379	DNA polymerase	UL54	0.0073
697	DNA polymerase	ORF28	0.0073
2482	DNA polymerase	43	0.0073
4104	DNA polymerase	BALF5	0.0073
412	Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase	CROT	0.0073
551	Carnitine O-acetyltransferase	CRAT	0.0073
6017	Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial	CYP11A1	0.0073
645	Penicillin-binding protein 1A	mrcA	0.0073
5805	Penicillin-binding protein 1A	ponA	0.0073
6185	Penicillin-binding protein 1A	mrcA	0.0073
6799	Penicillin-binding protein 1A	pbpA	0.0073
1178	Adenosine A2a receptor	ADORA2A	0.0072
6101	Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3	FMO3	0.0072
3626	Probable polysaccharide deacetylase pdaA	pdaA	0.0071
2157	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1	NQO1	0.0071
1074	Urokinase-type plasminogen activator	PLAU	0.0071
6171	Solute carrier family 28 member 3	SLC28A3	0.007
172	Potassium channel subfamily K member 1	KCNK1	0.0069
3876	Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase	DDC	0.0067
3611	Cytidine deaminase	cdd	0.0065
3707	Cytidine deaminase	cdd	0.0065
4211	Cytidine deaminase	CDA	0.0065
6157	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	SLCO1B3	0.0065
85	Growth hormone receptor	GHR	0.0065
192	Creatine kinase, ubiquitous mitochondrial	CKMT1A	0.0063
456	Creatine kinase, sarcomeric mitochondrial	CKMT2	0.0063
92	Creatine kinase B-type	CKB	0.0063
414	Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1	SLC6A8	0.0063
3810	Catechol O-methyltransferase	COMT	0.0062
4666	Fucose-binding lectin PA-IIL	lecB	0.0062
6138	Multidrug resistance protein 3	ABCB4	0.0061
4785	Ig gamma-1 chain C region	IGHG1	0.006
332	Beta-lactamase	blaZ	0.0059
2478	Beta-lactamase	ampC	0.0059
2613	Beta-lactamase	ampC	0.0059
2635	Beta-lactamase	ampC	0.0059
2700	Beta-lactamase	penP	0.0059
5445	Beta-lactamase	blaB	0.0059
6019	Beta-lactamase	SHV-7	0.0059
6701	Beta-lactamase	cphA	0.0059
6022	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1	UGT1A1	0.0059
6067	Penicillin binding protein 2a	mecA	0.0058
6111	DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4	POLE4	0.0058
6112	DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3	POLE3	0.0058
102	DNA topoisomerase I, mitochondrial	TOP1MT	0.0058
6108	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B	RRM2B	0.0058
6110	DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2	POLE2	0.0058
6109	DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A	POLE	0.0058
788	Creatine kinase M-type	CKM	0.0057
1373	Glucosylceramidase	GBA	0.0056
2222	Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1	SLC29A1	0.0055
1759	85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2	PLA2G6	0.0055
1770	Phospholipase C	PLCL1	0.0055
2841	Phospholipase C	plc	0.0055
4113	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	CACNA1F	0.0054
3480	Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase	manA	0.0054
468	Cytochrome P450 4A11	CYP4A11	0.0053
869	Estrogen receptor beta	ESR2	0.0052
291	Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial	NOS3	0.0052
860	Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	NNMT	0.0051
583	Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]	QPRT	0.0051
2442	Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]	nadC	0.0051
2459	Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]	nadC	0.0051
699	Nicotinic acid receptor 1	GPR109A	0.0051
928	Nicotinic acid receptor 2	GPR109B	0.0051
4218	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit	RRM2	0.005
590	5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor	HTR2C	0.0049
1353	DNA topoisomerase 1	TOP1	0.0047
3552	DNA topoisomerase 1	topA	0.0047
6218	Pannexin-1	PANX1	0.0047
731	HIV-1 protease	HIV-1 protease	0.0047
1656	CYP2B protein	CYP2B	0.0047
29	Tubulin beta-1 chain	TUBB1	0.0046
4784	Beta-mannosidase	manB	0.0046
6695	Beta-mannosidase	BT_0458	0.0046
4115	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	CACNA1D	0.0045
4111	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	CACNA1S	0.0045
6031	Cytochrome P450 3A43	CYP3A43	0.0045
478	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	CACNA1C	0.0044
6018	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9	UGT1A9	0.0044
603	DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit	POLA1	0.0043
6023	Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial	CYP11B2	0.0043
3755	Nucleoside-specific channel-forming protein tsx precursor	tsx	0.0043
232	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	SERPINA6	0.0043
606	Cytochrome P450 27, mitochondrial	CYP27A1	0.0042
2539	Tubulin alpha-1 chain	TUBA4A	0.0042
6155	ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11	ABCC11	0.0042
885	5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor	HTR1B	0.0041
360	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit	RRM1	0.0041
6140	Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter	SLC10A2	0.004
6178	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7	UGT2B7	0.004
6149	Solute carrier family 22 member 10	SLC22A10	0.0038
6085	Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal	FABP2	0.0036
527	Prostacyclin receptor	PTGIR	0.0036
871	Glucocorticoid receptor	NR3C1	0.0036
6167	Organic solute transporter subunit beta	OSTB	0.0036
6166	Organic solute transporter subunit alpha	OSTA	0.0036
723	Cytosolic phospholipase A2	PLA2G4A	0.0036
2297	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
2322	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
2694	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
2719	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
2860	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
2928	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
3160	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
3260	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
4783	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
5726	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
5779	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
5867	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6253	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6301	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6380	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6381	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6437	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6520	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6521	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6652	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6734	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6735	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6736	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6737	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6738	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6739	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6744	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6748	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6894	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
6898	Genome polyprotein	Not Available	0.0034
464	Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2	GRIN2B	0.0034
1864	RET proto-oncogene	RET	0.0034
1950	Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1	DDR1	0.0033
6094	BCR/ABL fusion protein isoform X9	BCR/ABL fusion	0.0033
6170	ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3	ABCA3	0.0033
277	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	PNP	0.0033
2870	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	punA	0.0033
2945	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	punA	0.0033
4659	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	TM_1596	0.0033
4825	Purine nucleoside phosphorylase	TTHA1435	0.0033
3426	Glutamine synthetase	glnA	0.0033
3987	Glutamine synthetase	GLUL	0.0033
2251	Thymidylate kinase	tmk	0.0033
2254	Thymidylate kinase	DTYMK	0.0033
3522	Thymidylate kinase	tmk	0.0033
3478	Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase	rmlA	0.0032
4277	Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase	rmlA	0.0032
1284	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	NR1I2	0.0032
837	Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1	GRIN2A	0.0032
500	Monocarboxylate transporter 4	SLC16A3	0.0032
2257	Uridine phosphorylase	udp	0.0031
5132	Uridine phosphorylase	udp	0.0031
4114	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3	CACNB3	0.0031
4112	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4	CACNB4	0.0031
6212	Tubulin gamma-1 chain	TUBG1	0.0031
6210	Tubulin delta chain	TUBD1	0.0031
6211	Tubulin epsilon chain	TUBE1	0.0031
392	Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A	CACNA1A	0.0031
3437	Eosinophil lysophospholipase	CLC	0.003
489	Monocarboxylate transporter 2	SLC16A7	0.003
5449	Hypothetical gliding protein	mglB	0.003
5443	UPF0189 protein ymdB	ymdB	0.003
5440	UPF0067 protein yebR	yebR	0.003
5439	33 kDa chaperonin	hslO	0.003
4705	Manganese catalase	Not Available	0.003
2720	Copper-containing nitrite reductase	nirK	0.003
3781	Thiol:disulfide interchange protein dsbC precursor	dsbC	0.003
5446	3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase	HI_1679	0.003
5448	Ribonuclease Z	rnz	0.003
5447	Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein	L3MBTL1	0.003
5454	Internalin-A	inlA	0.003
6161	Probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2	SLC31A2	0.003
4498	Ornithine cyclodeaminase	PP3533	0.0029
6002	Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype	PTGER4	0.0028
15	Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I	CACNA1I	0.0028
6040	6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating	PGD	0.0028
333	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1	CACNB1	0.0028
543	Penicillin-binding protein 1B	mrcB	0.0028
6186	Penicillin-binding protein 1B	ponB	0.0028
6822	Penicillin-binding protein 1b	pbp1b	0.0028
6844	Penicillin-binding protein 1b	pbp1b	0.0028
781	ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11	KCNJ11	0.0027
558	Solute carrier family 12 member 1	SLC12A1	0.0027
6180	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4	UGT2B4	0.0027
1618	High affinity nerve growth factor receptor	NTRK1	0.0027
535	Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G	CACNA1G	0.0027
725	5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor	HTR1D	0.0027
4131	Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3 subtype	PTGER3	0.0027
406	Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2 subtype	PTGER2	0.0026
5450	Prolyl endopeptidase Pep	pep	0.0026
950	Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor	PDGFRA	0.0026
6131	Carbonic anhydrase 14	CA14	0.0026
951	Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor	CSF1R	0.0026
3736	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A	gapA	0.0026
3356	Diaminopimelate decarboxylase	lysA	0.0026
4771	Dissimilatory copper-containing nitrite reductase	nir	0.0026
2714	Chorismate mutase	aroH	0.0026
4611	Chorismate mutase	aroG	0.0026
3274	Hydroxylamine reductase	hcp	0.0026
4804	Hydroxylamine reductase	hcp	0.0026
215	Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	SCN11A	0.0026
228	Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor	PDGFRB	0.0025
4217	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	TERT	0.0024
4110	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2	CACNB2	0.0024
1629	Transcription factor AP-1	JUN	0.0024
2207	Rhodopsin	RHO	0.0024
597	Dihydropteridine reductase	QDPR	0.0024
3462	Tyrosine-protein kinase transforming protein Abl	ABL	0.0024
3399	Limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase	limA	0.0024
3697	Bifunctional protein glmU [Includes: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase	glmU	0.0024
73	Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP1 subtype	PTGER1	0.0023
5180	L(+)-mandelate dehydrogenase	mdlB	0.0023
4608	Putative cytochrome P450	SCO1207	0.0023
4963	Putative cytochrome P450	SCO2884	0.0023
6254	Putative cytochrome P450	SCO6998	0.0023
504	Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor	KIT	0.0023
3500	Putative family 31 glucosidase yicI	yicI	0.0023
1615	Chymase	CMA1	0.0022
2449	Tubulin alpha-3 chain	TUBA1A	0.0022
1995	Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	SCN9A	0.0021
2597	Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]	glmS	0.0021
365	Dihydrofolate reductase	DHFR	0.0021
2381	Dihydrofolate reductase	DFR1	0.0021
2833	Dihydrofolate reductase	Not Available	0.0021
2931	Dihydrofolate reductase	folA	0.0021
3544	Dihydrofolate reductase	folA	0.0021
3682	Dihydrofolate reductase	folA	0.0021
6642	Dihydrofolate reductase	folA	0.0021
6756	Dihydrofolate reductase	dfrA	0.0021
2461	D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase	Not Available	0.002
5756	D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase	dac	0.002
17	Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1	ABL1	0.002
844	Epidermal growth factor receptor	EGFR	0.002
287	Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	B4GALT1	0.002
6025	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4	UGT1A4	0.002
357	Carbonic anhydrase 2	CA2	0.0019
467	Delta-type opioid receptor	OPRD1	0.0019
696	Kappa-type opioid receptor	OPRK1	0.0019
6091	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	GABRQ	0.0019
4192	DNA topoisomerase 2-beta	TOP2B	0.0019
2320	Thymidine kinase, cytosolic	TK1	0.0018
847	Mu-type opioid receptor	OPRM1	0.0018
6086	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	GABRG2	0.0017
6092	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	GABRR2	0.0017
6090	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	GABRP	0.0017
6088	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	GABRG3	0.0017
6115	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	GABRR3	0.0017
1039	Histone deacetylase 9	HDAC9	0.0017
4100	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2	GABRB2	0.0017
6093	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	GABRD	0.0017
6087	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	GABRG1	0.0017
6089	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	GABRE	0.0017
142	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1	GABRR1	0.0017
364	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	HSD11B1	0.0016
4098	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1	GABRB1	0.0016
4099	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3	GABRB3	0.0016
4120	NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase	POR	0.0016
841	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6	GABRA6	0.0016
530	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4	GABRA4	0.0015
630	Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	ACADSB	0.0015
182	2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial	OGDH	0.0015
523	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5	GABRA5	0.0015
580	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3	GABRA3	0.0015
423	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2	GABRA2	0.0015
872	Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1	GABRA1	0.0014
170	Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	ALDH5A1	0.0013
6181	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8	UGT1A8	0.0012
6177	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10	UGT1A10	0.0012
3587	Gastrotropin	FABP6	0.0012
280	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	ABAT	0.0011
33	Cystine/glutamate transporter	SLC7A11	0.001
6176	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3	UGT1A3	0.0009
4878	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	CGA	0.0009
1052	Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4	CTLA4	0.0009
1072	Granzyme B	GZMB	0.0009
4889	Ig epsilon chain C region	IGHE	0.0009
4877	Beta-mannanase	man	0.0009
4871	Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F3	endOF3	0.0009
4189	Alpha-galactosidase A	GLA	0.0009
4850	Beta-2-glycoprotein 1	APOH	0.0009
4880	Membrane cofactor protein	CD46	0.0009
4856	CD209 antigen	CD209	0.0009
1354	Beta-glucuronidase	GUSB	0.0009
757	Fusion glycoprotein F0	F	0.0009
4875	Fusion glycoprotein F0	F	0.0009
4869	Major capsid protein	A430L	0.0009
4852	Reticulon-4 receptor	RTN4R	0.0009
4845	ADAM 33	ADAM33	0.0009
1563	Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain	GP1BA	0.0009
442	Envelope glycoprotein	gp41	0.0009
4859	Envelope glycoprotein	env	0.0009
4882	Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6	DPP6	0.0009
4721	Beta-1,4-mannanase	manA	0.0009
3352	Structural polyprotein	Not Available	0.0009
3628	Structural polyprotein	Not Available	0.0009
4892	Structural polyprotein	Not Available	0.0009
4861	Interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain	IL6R	0.0008
793	T-cell surface antigen CD2	CD2	0.0008
119	Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1	CEACAM1	0.0008
4193	Atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor	NPR3	0.0008
3837	Cytokine receptor common beta chain	CSF2RB	0.0008
4890	Hemagglutinin	HA	0.0007
6566	Hemagglutinin	Not Available	0.0007
1379	Interleukin-12 subunit beta	IL12B	0.0007
4857	Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein	AZGP1	0.0007
6858	Inactive carboxylesterase 4	CES1P1	0.0007
1184	Interferon beta	IFNB1	0.0007
6120	Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor	IGF2R	0.0007
18	High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha	FCER1A	0.0006
554	Low-density lipoprotein receptor	LDLR	0.0006
852	Heparin cofactor 2	SERPIND1	0.0006
1859	Prostatic acid phosphatase	ACPP	0.0006
3444	Cyanovirin-N	Not Available	0.0006
3140	Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase	HN	0.0006
3609	Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase	HN	0.0006
595	Fibrinogen alpha chain	FGA	0.0006
3258	Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase	MSDC	0.0006
2372	Bifunctional tail protein	9	0.0005
958	Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor	IGF1R	0.0005
2577	Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase	MAN1B1	0.0005
3814	Complement C1r subcomponent	C1R	0.0005
64	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
641	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
2676	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
3026	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
3519	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
6007	Neuraminidase	NA	0.0005
1243	Cathepsin D	CTSD	0.0005
1439	Lactotransferrin	LTF	0.0005
1782	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin	LCN2	0.0005
309	Antithrombin-III	SERPINC1	0.0005
2430	Chondroitinase B	cslB	0.0004
6307	Ig gamma-2 chain C region	IGHG2	0.0004
2581	Chondroitinase AC	cslA	0.0004
6847	Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase	LCT	0.0004
6500	Phospholipase A2	PLA2G1B	0.0004
76	Nitric-oxide synthase, brain	NOS1	0.0003
952	Dipeptidyl peptidase 4	DPP4	0.0003

(*) Categorization taken from DrugBank: therapeutic category or general category of a drug (i.e. anti-convulsant, antibacterial, etc.)

DB00122 - Choline

Targets

Enzymes

Transporters

Predictions