DT-Web

DB00178 - Ramipril


Identification
Name Ramipril
Accession Number DB00178 (APRD00009)
Type small molecule
Description Ramipril is a prodrug belonging to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is metabolized to ramiprilat in the liver and, to a lesser extent, kidneys. Ramiprilat is a potent, competitive inhibitor of ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Ramipril may be used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, nephropathy, and to reduce the rate of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 416.5106
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 416.231122144
Pharmacology
Indication For the management of mild to severe hypertension. May be used to reduce cardiovascular mortality following myocardial infarction in hemodynamically stable individuals who develop clinical signs of congestive heart failure within a few days following myocardial infarction. To reduce the rate of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events. May be used to slow the progression of renal disease in individuals with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and microalubinuria or overt nephropathy.
Mechanism of action There are two isoforms of ACE: the somatic isoform, which exists as a glycoprotein comprised of a single polypeptide chain of 1277; and the testicular isoform, which has a lower molecular mass and is thought to play a role in sperm maturation and binding of sperm to the oviduct epithelium. Somatic ACE has two functionally active domains, N and C, which arise from tandem gene duplication. Although the two domains have high sequence similarity, they play distinct physiological roles. The C-domain is predominantly involved in blood pressure regulation while the N-domain plays a role in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and proliferation. ACE inhibitors bind to and inhibit the activity of both domains, but have much greater affinity for and inhibitory activity against the C-domain. Ramiprilat, the principle active metabolite of ramipril, competes with ATI for binding to ACE and inhibits and enzymatic proteolysis of ATI to ATII. Decreasing ATII levels in the body decreases blood pressure by inhibiting the pressor effects of ATII as described in the Pharmacology section above. Ramipril also causes an increase in plasma renin activity likely due to a loss of feedback inhibition mediated by ATII on the release of renin and/or stimulation of reflex mechanisms via baroreceptors.
Absorption The extent of absorption is at least 50-60%. Food decreases the rate of absorption from the GI tract without affecting the extent of absorption. The absolute bioavailabilities of ramipril and ramiprilat were 28% and 44%, respectively, when oral administration was compared to intravenous administration.
Protein binding Protein binding of ramipril is about 73% and that of ramiprilat about 56%.
Biotransformation Hepatic metabolism accounts for 75% of total ramipril metabolism. 25% of hepatic metabolism produces the active metabolite ramiprilat via liver esterase enzymes. 100% of renal metabolism converts ramipril to ramiprilat. Other metabolites, diketopiperazine ester, the diketopiperazine acid, and the glucuronides of ramipril and ramiprilat, are inactive.
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose may include excessive peripheral vasodilation (with marked hypotension and shock), bradycardia, electrolyte disturbances, and renal failure. The most likely adverse reactions are symptoms attributable to its blood-pressure lowing effect. May cause headache, dizziness, asthenia, chest pain, nausea, peripheral edema, somnolence, impotence, rash, arthritis, and dyspnea. LD50 = 10933 mg/kg (orally in mice).
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Amiloride Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Azilsartan medoxomil Pharmacodynamic synergism: dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system. Increases risks of hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal impairment.
Drospirenone Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Icatibant Icatibant may attenuate the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
Insulin Lispro Concomitant therapy with ACE inhibitors may increase the blood-glucose-lowering effect of insulin lispro and thus the chance of hypoglycemia should be monitored closely.
Lithium The ACE inhibitor increases serum levels of lithium
Potassium Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Spironolactone Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Tizanidine Tizanidine increases the risk of hypotension with the ACE inhibitor
Tobramycin Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Treprostinil Additive hypotensive effect. Monitor antihypertensive therapy during concomitant use.
Triamterene Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
  • Alcohol may increase the vasodilatory effects of ramipril.
  • Herbs that may attenuate the antihypertensive effect of ramipril include: bayberry, blue cohash, cayenne, ephedra, ginger, ginseng (American), kola and licorice.
  • High salt intake may attenuate the antihypertensive effect of ramipril.
  • Ramipril decreases the excretion of potassium. Salt substitutes containing potassium increase the risk of hyperkalemia.

Targets


Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Name Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Gene Name ACE
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
  • Levitt DG, Schoemaker RC: Human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ACE inhibitors: ramipril and ramiprilat. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 6;6:1. - Pubmed
  • Piepho RW: Overview of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 Oct 1;57 Suppl 1:S3-7. - Pubmed
  • Song JC, White CM: Clinical pharmacokinetics and selective pharmacodynamics of new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(3):207-24. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6589

Enzymes


Cholinesterase
Name Cholinesterase
Gene Name BCHE
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Shah GB, Sharma S, Mehta AA, Goyal RK: Oculohypotensive effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in acute and chronic models of glaucoma. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;36(2):169-75. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6019

Transporters


Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform
Name Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform
Gene Name SLC15A1
Actions substrate
References
  • Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. Epub 2008 Aug 19. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6724
Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform
Name Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform
Gene Name SLC15A2
Actions substrate
References
  • Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. Epub 2008 Aug 19. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.62

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
633 Penicillin-binding proteins 1A/1B pbpA 0.1007
474 Acetylcholinesterase ACHE 0.0997
1385 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2 0.0956
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0841
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.084
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.082
1 Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI ftsI 0.0442
4155 Peptidoglycan synthetase ftsI ftsI 0.0442
294 Neprilysin MME 0.0432
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.043
645 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0413
5805 Penicillin-binding protein 1A ponA 0.0413
6185 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0413
6799 Penicillin-binding protein 1A pbpA 0.0413
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0407
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0406
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0398
471 Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+) SLC6A14 0.036
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0349
3917 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR 0.0347
813 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2 0.0328
543 Penicillin-binding protein 1B mrcB 0.0309
6186 Penicillin-binding protein 1B ponB 0.0309
6822 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0309
6844 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0309
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0297
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0276
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0252
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.0246
234 Plasminogen PLG 0.0246
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0236
115 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0235
6069 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0235
6118 Penicillin-binding protein 2 penA 0.0235
6187 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0235
6686 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbp2 0.0235
6939 Penicillin-binding protein 2 mrdA 0.0235
7163 Penicillin-binding protein 2 pbpA 0.0235
6067 Penicillin binding protein 2a mecA 0.0233
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0231
56 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ALAD 0.023
2356 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.023
3613 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.023
3674 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase hemB 0.023
6702 Organic hydroperoxide resistance protein, putative VC_A1006 0.0228
4587 Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase blaB-1 blaB1 0.0228
4586 FEZ-1 protein blaFEZ-1 0.0228
2433 Capsid protein P40 UL80 0.0213
3569 Capsid protein P40 BVRF2 0.0213
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0203
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0203
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.0203
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0201
2544 Bacterial leucyl aminopeptidase Not Available 0.0198
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0197
2049 Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor CCKBR 0.0191
3076 Antigen 85-C fbpC 0.0187
2998 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7 SIGLEC7 0.0182
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0176
707 72 kDa type IV collagenase MMP2 0.0167
4787 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0161
4820 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0161
5727 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0161
3060 Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase LTA4H 0.0149
2796 Parathion hydrolase opd 0.0147
6539 Parathion hydrolase opd 0.0147
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0146
5754 Metallo-beta-lactamase L1 Not Available 0.0143
3454 Esterase estA 0.0141
3626 Probable polysaccharide deacetylase pdaA pdaA 0.0138
65 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Not Available 0.0135
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0134
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0134
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.013
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0127
2929 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase dhlB 0.0124
2995 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase Not Available 0.0124
159 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0123
6121 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0123
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0121
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0121
4666 Fucose-binding lectin PA-IIL lecB 0.0119
4252 Penicillin-binding protein 5 dacA 0.0117
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0114
1373 Glucosylceramidase GBA 0.0114
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.011
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0106
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0105
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.0104
332 Beta-lactamase blaZ 0.0102
2478 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0102
2613 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0102
2635 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0102
2700 Beta-lactamase penP 0.0102
5445 Beta-lactamase blaB 0.0102
6019 Beta-lactamase SHV-7 0.0102
6701 Beta-lactamase cphA 0.0102
509 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0101
570 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0101
2559 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0101
3430 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0101
3518 Thymidine kinase TK 0.0101
5301 Thymidine kinase tdk 0.0101
5771 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0101
7009 Thymidine kinase ORF36 0.0101
4674 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase cumD 0.0097
4785 Ig gamma-1 chain C region IGHG1 0.0096
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0092
3760 Penicillin-binding protein 5 precursor dacA 0.0091
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.009
709 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ1 0.0089
6184 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase dacC dacC 0.0088
338 DNA polymerase UL30 0.0087
379 DNA polymerase UL54 0.0087
697 DNA polymerase ORF28 0.0087
2482 DNA polymerase 43 0.0087
4104 DNA polymerase BALF5 0.0087
6140 Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 0.0084
867 Penicillin-binding protein 3 pbpC 0.0083
6119 Penicillin-binding protein 3 pbp3 0.0083
7154 Penicillin-binding protein 3 pbp3 0.0083
7157 Penicillin-binding protein 3 LMHCC_2184 0.0083
7162 Penicillin-binding protein 3 pbpB 0.0083
7172 Penicillin-binding protein 3 pbp3 0.0083
6113 MecA PBP2' (penicillin binding protein 2') mecA 0.0082
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.008
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0079
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0079
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0076
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0074
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0073
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0071
1141 Sialidase-1 NEU1 0.0068
64 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
641 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
2676 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
3026 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
3519 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
6007 Neuraminidase NA 0.0068
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0068
713 Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3 0.0065
85 Growth hormone receptor GHR 0.0065
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0064
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0064
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0063
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0063
6160 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 SLCO3A1 0.006
6154 Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 SLC47A1 0.0059
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0059
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0057
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0055
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0054
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0054
5482 Sialidase-2 NEU2 0.0052
131 Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2 0.005
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0049
737 Mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 0.0048
1656 CYP2B protein CYP2B 0.0047
2461 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase Not Available 0.0046
5756 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase dac 0.0046
4784 Beta-mannosidase manB 0.0046
6695 Beta-mannosidase BT_0458 0.0046
3961 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 KCNJ5 0.0046
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0045
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0044
614 Progesterone receptor PGR 0.0043
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0043
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0043
232 Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA6 0.0043
606 Cytochrome P450 27, mitochondrial CYP27A1 0.0042
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0041
3480 Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase manA 0.0041
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0041
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0039
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0038
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0037
871 Glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 0.0036
144 Hemoglobin subunit alpha HBA1 0.0036
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0035
132 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 ABCA1 0.0035
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0035
2297 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2322 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2694 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2719 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2860 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2928 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
3160 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
3260 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
4783 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
5726 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
5779 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
5867 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6253 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6301 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6380 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6381 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6437 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6520 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6521 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6652 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6734 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6735 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6736 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6737 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6738 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6739 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6744 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6748 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6894 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
6898 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0034
2184 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR 0.0034
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0033
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0033
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0033
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0033
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0032
866 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 SLC7A8 0.0032
1064 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 0.0032
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0031
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0031
1178 Adenosine A2a receptor ADORA2A 0.0031
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.0031
3437 Eosinophil lysophospholipase CLC 0.003
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.003
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.003
245 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 SLC7A5 0.0029
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.0029
6131 Carbonic anhydrase 14 CA14 0.0026
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0025
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0025
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.0024
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0024
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0023
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0023
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.0023
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.0023
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0023
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.0022
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0022
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.0021
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.0021
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0021
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.0021
102 DNA topoisomerase I, mitochondrial TOP1MT 0.002
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0019
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0017
3929 Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase PHOSPHO1 0.0017
549 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B PCYT1B 0.0017
264 Choline/ethanolamine kinase [Includes: Choline kinase beta CHKB 0.0017
3927 Choline transporter-like protein 3 SLC44A3 0.0017
861 Choline kinase alpha CHKA 0.0017
3933 Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase CEPT1 0.0017
769 High-affinity choline transporter 1 SLC5A7 0.0017
700 Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial CHDH 0.0017
1686 Choline transporter-like protein 1 SLC44A1 0.0017
3926 Choline transporter-like protein 2 SLC44A2 0.0017
3925 Choline transporter-like protein 4 SLC44A4 0.0017
576 Choline O-acetyltransferase CHAT 0.0017
3922 Phospholipase D2 PLD2 0.0017
3924 Phospholipase D1 PLD1 0.0017
1353 DNA topoisomerase 1 TOP1 0.0017
3552 DNA topoisomerase 1 topA 0.0017
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0017
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0017
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0016
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0015
677 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A PCYT1A 0.0015
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0014
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0014
6161 Probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2 SLC31A2 0.0014
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.0014
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0014
6163 Copper-transporting ATPase 2 ATP7B 0.0013
6165 Copper-transporting ATPase 1 ATP7A 0.0013
4498 Ornithine cyclodeaminase PP3533 0.0012
6146 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 0.0012
4152 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD1 0.0012
5449 Hypothetical gliding protein mglB 0.0012
5443 UPF0189 protein ymdB ymdB 0.0012
5440 UPF0067 protein yebR yebR 0.0012
4705 Manganese catalase Not Available 0.0012
5439 33 kDa chaperonin hslO 0.0012
5446 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase HI_1679 0.0012
2720 Copper-containing nitrite reductase nirK 0.0012
5448 Ribonuclease Z rnz 0.0012
3781 Thiol:disulfide interchange protein dsbC precursor dsbC 0.0012
5447 Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein L3MBTL1 0.0012
5454 Internalin-A inlA 0.0012
908 Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 GSTT1 0.0012
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0011
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0011
896 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 GSTM1 0.0011
3736 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A gapA 0.0011
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0011
5450 Prolyl endopeptidase Pep pep 0.0011
3356 Diaminopimelate decarboxylase lysA 0.001
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.001
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.001
4771 Dissimilatory copper-containing nitrite reductase nir 0.001
3274 Hydroxylamine reductase hcp 0.001
4804 Hydroxylamine reductase hcp 0.001
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.001
2714 Chorismate mutase aroH 0.001
4611 Chorismate mutase aroG 0.001
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.001
3462 Tyrosine-protein kinase transforming protein Abl ABL 0.001
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.001
3399 Limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase limA 0.001
3697 Bifunctional protein glmU [Includes: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase glmU 0.001
4608 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO1207 0.0009
4963 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO2884 0.0009
6254 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO6998 0.0009
5180 L(+)-mandelate dehydrogenase mdlB 0.0009
577 Argininosuccinate lyase ASL 0.0009
3500 Putative family 31 glucosidase yicI yicI 0.0009
4878 Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain CGA 0.0009
1052 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 CTLA4 0.0009
1072 Granzyme B GZMB 0.0009
4889 Ig epsilon chain C region IGHE 0.0009
4877 Beta-mannanase man 0.0009
4871 Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F3 endOF3 0.0009
4189 Alpha-galactosidase A GLA 0.0009
4850 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 APOH 0.0009
4880 Membrane cofactor protein CD46 0.0009
4856 CD209 antigen CD209 0.0009
1354 Beta-glucuronidase GUSB 0.0009
757 Fusion glycoprotein F0 F 0.0009
4875 Fusion glycoprotein F0 F 0.0009
4869 Major capsid protein A430L 0.0009
4852 Reticulon-4 receptor RTN4R 0.0009
4845 ADAM 33 ADAM33 0.0009
1563 Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain GP1BA 0.0009
442 Envelope glycoprotein gp41 0.0009
4859 Envelope glycoprotein env 0.0009
4882 Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 DPP6 0.0009
4721 Beta-1,4-mannanase manA 0.0009
3352 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.0009
3628 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.0009
4892 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.0009
1615 Chymase CMA1 0.0009
2597 Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] glmS 0.0008
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0008
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0008
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0008
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0008
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0008
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0008
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0008
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0008
287 Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 B4GALT1 0.0008
4861 Interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain IL6R 0.0008
793 T-cell surface antigen CD2 CD2 0.0008
119 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 CEACAM1 0.0008
4193 Atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor NPR3 0.0008
3837 Cytokine receptor common beta chain CSF2RB 0.0008
4890 Hemagglutinin HA 0.0007
6566 Hemagglutinin Not Available 0.0007
1379 Interleukin-12 subunit beta IL12B 0.0007
4857 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein AZGP1 0.0007
6858 Inactive carboxylesterase 4 CES1P1 0.0007
1184 Interferon beta IFNB1 0.0007
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.0007
6120 Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor IGF2R 0.0007
18 High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha FCER1A 0.0006
554 Low-density lipoprotein receptor LDLR 0.0006
852 Heparin cofactor 2 SERPIND1 0.0006
1859 Prostatic acid phosphatase ACPP 0.0006
3444 Cyanovirin-N Not Available 0.0006
3140 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0006
3609 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0006
595 Fibrinogen alpha chain FGA 0.0006
3258 Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase MSDC 0.0006
2372 Bifunctional tail protein 9 0.0005
958 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF1R 0.0005
2577 Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase MAN1B1 0.0005
3814 Complement C1r subcomponent C1R 0.0005
1243 Cathepsin D CTSD 0.0005
1439 Lactotransferrin LTF 0.0005
1782 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin LCN2 0.0005
309 Antithrombin-III SERPINC1 0.0005
2430 Chondroitinase B cslB 0.0004
6307 Ig gamma-2 chain C region IGHG2 0.0004
2581 Chondroitinase AC cslA 0.0004
6847 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase LCT 0.0004
6500 Phospholipase A2 PLA2G1B 0.0004
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0003
952 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 0.0003
↑