DT-Web

DB01599 - Probucol


Identification
Name Probucol
Accession Number DB01599
Type small molecule
Description A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 516.842
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 516.30957216
Pharmacology
Indication Used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol.
Mechanism of action Probucol lowers serum cholesterol by increasing the fractional rate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in the final metabolic pathway for cholesterol elimination from the body. Additionally, probucol may inhibit early stages of cholesterol biosynthesis and slightly inhibit dietary cholesterol absorption. Recent information suggests that probucol may inhibit the oxidation and tissue deposition of LDL cholesterol, thereby inhibiting atherogenesis. It appears to inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux.
Absorption Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is limited and variable (about 7%).
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Artemether Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Cyclosporine Probucol decreases the effect of cyclosporine
Lumefantrine Additive QTc-prolongation may occur. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
Tacrolimus Additive QTc-prolongation may occur increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution.
Thiothixene May cause additive QTc-prolonging effects. Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. Thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
Toremifene Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Consider alternate therapy. A thorough risk:benefit assessment is required prior to co-administration.
Trimipramine Additive QTc-prolongation may occur, increasing the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy should be used with caution.
Voriconazole Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Vorinostat Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Ziprasidone Additive QTc-prolonging effects may increase the risk of severe arrhythmias. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
Zuclopenthixol Additive QTc prolongation may occur. Consider alternate therapy or use caution and monitor for QTc prolongation as this can lead to Torsade de Pointes (TdP).
Food Interactions
  • Take with food. Food increases availability.

Targets


ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1
Name ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1
Gene Name ABCA1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Favari E, Zanotti I, Zimetti F, Ronda N, Bernini F, Rothblat GH: Probucol inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Dec;24(12):2345-50. Epub 2004 Oct 28. - Pubmed
  • Yamamoto A: A uniqe antilipidemic drug--probucol. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008 Dec;15(6):304-5. Epub 2008 Dec 11. - Pubmed
  • de la Llera-Moya M, Drazul-Schrader D, Asztalos BF, Cuchel M, Rader DJ, Rothblat GH: The ability to promote efflux via ABCA1 determines the capacity of serum specimens with similar high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to remove cholesterol from macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Apr;30(4):796-801. Epub 2010 Jan 14. - Pubmed
  • Sirtori CR, Manzoni C, Lovati MR: Mechanisms of lipid-lowering agents. Cardiology. 1991;78(3):226-35. - Pubmed
  • Shichiri M, Takanezawa Y, Rotzoll DE, Yoshida Y, Kokubu T, Ueda K, Tamai H, Arai H: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is involved in hepatic alpha-tocopherol secretion. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 May;21(5):451-6. Epub 2009 May 7. - Pubmed
  • Arakawa R, Tsujita M, Iwamoto N, Ito-Ohsumi C, Lu R, Wu CA, Shimizu K, Aotsuka T, Kanazawa H, Abe-Dohmae S, Yokoyama S: Pharmacological inhibition of ABCA1 degradation increases HDL biogenesis and exhibits antiatherogenesis. J Lipid Res. 2009 Nov;50(11):2299-305. Epub 2009 May 20. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3309
Liver carboxylesterase 1
Name Liver carboxylesterase 1
Gene Name CES1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions Not Available
References
  • Jeon SM, Park YB, Kwon OS, Huh TL, Lee WH, Do KM, Park T, Choi MS: Vitamin E supplementation alters HDL-cholesterol concentration and paraoxonase activity in rabbits fed high-cholesterol diet: comparison with probucol. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(5):336-46. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6351

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
197 Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial SDHA 0.0365
6606 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit gamma PAFAH1B3 0.0348
4175 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase PLA2G7 0.0348
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0337
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0331
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0279
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0279
762 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1 0.0263
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.024
3961 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 KCNJ5 0.0229
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0218
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.021
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.021
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.0191
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.0188
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0181
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.0164
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.016
340 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 APAF1 0.0157
825 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase ASNA1 0.0153
3435 Arsenical pump-driving ATPase arsA 0.0153
510 Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 ACVRL1 0.0153
745 Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor AMHR2 0.0152
486 Serine/threonine-protein kinase ALS2CR7 CDK15 0.0152
2105 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 ABCG1 0.0152
21 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 ADRBK2 0.0152
377 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 ADRBK1 0.0152
154 AFG3-like protein 2 AFG3L2 0.0152
733 Activin receptor type 1B ACVR1B 0.0152
225 NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit NAE1 0.0152
483 A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase ARAF 0.0152
395 ALK tyrosine kinase receptor Not Available 0.0152
2184 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR 0.0151
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0148
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0137
2178 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 GRM5 0.0136
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0135
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0134
709 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ1 0.013
821 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial ACSS1 0.013
704 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 ACSL1 0.013
386 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic ACSS2 0.013
297 Adenylate cyclase type 1 ADCY1 0.013
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0129
244 Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE 0.0125
289 Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase NT5C2 0.0125
849 Activated CDC42 kinase 1 TNK2 0.0123
292 Activin receptor type-1 ACVR1 0.0123
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0121
1141 Sialidase-1 NEU1 0.012
64 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
641 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
2676 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
3026 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
3519 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
6007 Neuraminidase NA 0.012
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0119
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0117
748 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 PRKAA1 0.0115
1995 Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha SCN9A 0.0112
484 Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 ABL2 0.0111
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.011
1302 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP+] DPYD 0.0108
3611 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0106
3707 Cytidine deaminase cdd 0.0106
4211 Cytidine deaminase CDA 0.0106
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0103
5482 Sialidase-2 NEU2 0.0102
3639 Thymidine phosphorylase deoA 0.0101
3936 Thymidine phosphorylase TYMP 0.0101
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.0099
740 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0099
865 Argininosuccinate synthase ASS1 0.0099
2680 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0099
3194 Argininosuccinate synthase argG 0.0099
6021 Adenosine kinase ADK 0.0098
476 RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT1 0.0096
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0096
232 Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA6 0.0095
242 Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] ASNS 0.0093
661 ADP/ATP translocase 1 SLC25A4 0.0091
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0088
24 Thymidylate synthase TMP1 0.0086
359 Thymidylate synthase TYMS 0.0086
2626 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0086
2729 Thymidylate synthase thyA 0.0086
5352 Thymidylate synthase THYA 0.0086
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0086
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0086
4857 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein AZGP1 0.0084
871 Glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 0.0081
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.008
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.0078
5414 Fiber protein L5 0.0071
5418 Fiber protein L5 0.0071
1756 E-selectin SELE 0.0071
54 Prothrombin F2 0.0071
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0068
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0067
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0066
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0066
122 P2Y purinoceptor 12 P2RY12 0.0064
3629 Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase Not Available 0.0062
5416 Coat protein VP1 Not Available 0.0061
1130 Lithostathine 1 alpha REG1A 0.0061
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0061
636 Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein SLC25A20 0.0059
109 Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein CACL SLC25A29 0.0059
2324 Botulinum neurotoxin type B botB 0.0057
3547 Enterotoxin type B entB 0.0057
412 Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase CROT 0.0057
2058 P-selectin SELP 0.0056
551 Carnitine O-acetyltransferase CRAT 0.0056
6168 Solute carrier family 22 member 16 SLC22A16 0.0051
451 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform CPT1A 0.0051
200 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial CPT2 0.0051
2570 Tetanus toxin tetX 0.0049
102 DNA topoisomerase I, mitochondrial TOP1MT 0.0043
2723 Cholera enterotoxin subunit B ctxB 0.0042
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.004
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.004
1353 DNA topoisomerase 1 TOP1 0.004
3552 DNA topoisomerase 1 topA 0.004
796 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 IMPDH2 0.0039
838 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 IMPDH1 0.0037
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0035
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0035
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0034
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.0034
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0034
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0032
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0032
2391 Ferrochelatase hemH 0.0031
6502 Ferrochelatase DKFZp686P18130 0.0031
1591 Ferrochelatase, mitochondrial FECH 0.0031
6042 Prostaglandin reductase 2 PTGR2 0.0031
6500 Phospholipase A2 PLA2G1B 0.0029
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0029
1192 Sulfotransferase 1A1 SULT1A1 0.0029
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0028
6043 Putative G-protein coupled receptor 44 GPR44 0.0027
6495 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial COX7C 0.0027
6496 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial COX8A 0.0027
6493 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C COX6C 0.0027
6499 Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide 7A1, mitochondrial COX7A1 0.0027
6491 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial COX5A 0.0027
6497 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial COX6A2 0.0027
6494 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial COX7B 0.0027
6498 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 COX6B1 0.0027
6489 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial COX4I1 0.0027
5793 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 MT-CO2 0.0027
6559 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 ctaC 0.0027
6669 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 ctaC 0.0027
6490 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 MT-CO3 0.0027
371 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 MT-CO1 0.0027
6558 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ctaD 0.0027
6104 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 FMO1 0.0026
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0026
3587 Gastrotropin FABP6 0.0025
2540 Choloylglycine hydrolase cbh 0.0025
1313 Lactoylglutathione lyase GLO1 0.0025
6501 Fatty acid-binding protein, liver FABP1 0.0024
2981 Phospholipase A2, membrane associated PLA2G2A 0.0023
6155 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11 ABCC11 0.0023
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0022
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0022
869 Estrogen receptor beta ESR2 0.0021
3809 Estrogen-related receptor gamma ESRRG 0.002
4878 Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain CGA 0.002
1052 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 CTLA4 0.002
1072 Granzyme B GZMB 0.002
4877 Beta-mannanase man 0.002
4871 Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F3 endOF3 0.002
4850 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 APOH 0.002
4856 CD209 antigen CD209 0.002
4889 Ig epsilon chain C region IGHE 0.002
4869 Major capsid protein A430L 0.002
4852 Reticulon-4 receptor RTN4R 0.002
4880 Membrane cofactor protein CD46 0.002
757 Fusion glycoprotein F0 F 0.002
4875 Fusion glycoprotein F0 F 0.002
4721 Beta-1,4-mannanase manA 0.002
1563 Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain GP1BA 0.002
1354 Beta-glucuronidase GUSB 0.002
442 Envelope glycoprotein gp41 0.002
4859 Envelope glycoprotein env 0.002
4189 Alpha-galactosidase A GLA 0.002
4845 ADAM 33 ADAM33 0.002
4882 Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 DPP6 0.002
3352 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.002
3628 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.002
4892 Structural polyprotein Not Available 0.002
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0019
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0019
6140 Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 0.0018
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0017
6858 Inactive carboxylesterase 4 CES1P1 0.0017
793 T-cell surface antigen CD2 CD2 0.0017
4861 Interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain IL6R 0.0017
4193 Atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor NPR3 0.0017
3837 Cytokine receptor common beta chain CSF2RB 0.0017
119 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 CEACAM1 0.0017
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0017
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.0017
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0017
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0017
4890 Hemagglutinin HA 0.0016
6566 Hemagglutinin Not Available 0.0016
1379 Interleukin-12 subunit beta IL12B 0.0016
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0016
1184 Interferon beta IFNB1 0.0015
2998 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7 SIGLEC7 0.0015
2297 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
2322 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
2694 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
2719 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
2860 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
2928 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
3160 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
3260 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
4783 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
5726 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
5779 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
5867 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6253 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6301 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6380 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6381 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6437 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6520 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6521 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6652 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6734 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6735 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6736 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6737 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6738 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6739 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6744 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6748 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6894 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6898 Genome polyprotein Not Available 0.0015
6120 Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor IGF2R 0.0015
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0015
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0014
1859 Prostatic acid phosphatase ACPP 0.0014
3140 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0014
3609 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0014
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0014
18 High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha FCER1A 0.0014
3444 Cyanovirin-N Not Available 0.0014
554 Low-density lipoprotein receptor LDLR 0.0014
3258 Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase MSDC 0.0014
852 Heparin cofactor 2 SERPIND1 0.0014
4787 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0013
4820 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0013
5727 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0013
595 Fibrinogen alpha chain FGA 0.0013
4666 Fucose-binding lectin PA-IIL lecB 0.0013
2372 Bifunctional tail protein 9 0.0013
2577 Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase MAN1B1 0.0012
3480 Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase manA 0.0012
958 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor IGF1R 0.0012
1243 Cathepsin D CTSD 0.0011
1439 Lactotransferrin LTF 0.0011
1782 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin LCN2 0.0011
3814 Complement C1r subcomponent C1R 0.0011
2430 Chondroitinase B cslB 0.0011
6307 Ig gamma-2 chain C region IGHG2 0.001
2581 Chondroitinase AC cslA 0.001
309 Antithrombin-III SERPINC1 0.001
6847 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase LCT 0.001
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.0009
4785 Ig gamma-1 chain C region IGHG1 0.0009
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0008
952 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 0.0007
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