DT-Web

DB00245 - Benzatropine


Identification
Name Benzatropine
Accession Number DB00245 (APRD00748)
Type small molecule
Description Benzotropine is a centrally-acting, antimuscarinic agent used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It may also be used to treat extrapyramidal reactions, such as dystonia and Parkinsonism, caused by antipsychotics (e.g. phenothiazines). Symptoms of Parkinson's disease and extrapyramidal reactions arise from decreases in dopaminergic activity which creates an imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic activity. Anticholinergic therapy is thought to aid in restoring this balance leading to relief of symptoms. In addition to its anticholinergic effects, benztropine also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine at nerve terminals via the dopamine transporter. Benzotropine also produces antagonistic effects at the histamine H1 receptor.
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 307.4293
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 307.193614427
Pharmacology
Indication For use as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism and also for use in the control of extrapyramidal disorders due to neuroleptic drugs.
Mechanism of action Benztropine is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. It is able to discriminate between the M1 (cortical or neuronal) and the peripheral muscarinic subtypes (cardiac and glandular). Benztropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the CNS, which is responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is also thought to increase the availability of dopamine, a brain chemical that is critical in the initiation and smooth control of voluntary muscle movement.
Absorption Onset of action is 1-2 hours following oral administration. The onset of action is within minutes when administered by IM or IV injection.
Protein binding ~95% to serum proteins
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Signs of overdose include confusion, nervousness, listlessness, hallucinations, dizziness; muscle weakness, ataxia, dry mouth, mydriasis, blurred vision, palpitations, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, numbness of fingers, headache, delirium, coma, shock, convulsions, respiratory arrest, anhidrosis, hyperthermia, glaucoma, and constipation.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Donepezil Possible antagonism of action
Galantamine Possible antagonism of action
Haloperidol The anticholinergic increases the risk of psychosis and tardive dyskinesia
Rivastigmine Possible antagonism of action
Tacrine The therapeutic effects of the central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Tacrine, and/or the anticholinergic, Benztropine, may be reduced due to antagonism. The interaction may be beneficial when the anticholinergic action is a side effect. Monitor for decreased efficacy of both agents.
Trimethobenzamide Trimethobenzamide and Benztropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhance their adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.
Triprolidine Triprolidine and Benztropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhance their adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.
Trospium Trospium and Benztropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhanced adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food to reduce irritation.
  • Avoid alcohol.

Targets


Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Name Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Gene Name CHRM1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.4411
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Name Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Gene Name SLC6A3
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Katz JL, Agoston GE, Alling KL, Kline RH, Forster MJ, Woolverton WL, Kopajtic TA, Newman AH: Dopamine transporter binding without cocaine-like behavioral effects: synthesis and evaluation of benztropine analogs alone and in combination with cocaine in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Apr;154(4):362-74. - Pubmed
  • Kulkarni SS, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Newman AH: Comparative structure-activity relationships of benztropine analogues at the dopamine transporter and histamine H(1) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Jun 1;14(11):3625-34. Epub 2006 Feb 3. - Pubmed
  • Reith ME, Berfield JL, Wang LC, Ferrer JV, Javitch JA: The uptake inhibitors cocaine and benztropine differentially alter the conformation of the human dopamine transporter. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 3;276(31):29012-8. Epub 2001 Jun 6. - Pubmed
  • Simoni D, Roberti M, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Rossi M, Invidiata FP, Merighi S, Varani K, Gessi S, Borea PA, Marino S, Cavallini S, Bianchi C, Siniscalchi A: Effects of two-carbon bridge region methoxylation of benztropine: discovery of novel chiral ligands for the dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Mar 26;11(6):823-7. - Pubmed
  • Todd CL, Grace AA: Interaction of benztropine and haloperidol actions on rat substantia nigra dopamine cell electrophysiological activity in vivo. Brain Res Bull. 1999 Jan 15;48(2):219-22. - Pubmed
  • Zou MF, Kopajtic T, Katz JL, Wirtz S, Justice JB Jr, Newman AH: Novel tropane-based irreversible ligands for the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem. 2001 Dec 6;44(25):4453-61. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3971
Histamine H1 receptor
Name Histamine H1 receptor
Gene Name HRH1
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Kulkarni SS, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Newman AH: Comparative structure-activity relationships of benztropine analogues at the dopamine transporter and histamine H(1) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Jun 1;14(11):3625-34. Epub 2006 Feb 3. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.5746

Enzymes


Cytochrome P450 2C19
Name Cytochrome P450 2C19
Gene Name CYP2C19
Actions substrate
References
  • Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.2537
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Name Cytochrome P450 2D6
Gene Name CYP2D6
Actions substrate
References
  • Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.4149

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.2374
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.1854
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.1722
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.1662
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.1513
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.1465
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.1366
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.1122
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0957
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0946
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0909
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0869
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0858
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0849
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0776
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0743
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0631
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0615
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.0581
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0539
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.05
131 Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2 0.0475
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0471
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0469
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0442
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0438
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.042
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0386
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0381
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.0347
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0319
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0317
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0307
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.0303
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0296
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0287
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0286
1656 CYP2B protein CYP2B 0.0283
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0279
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.0265
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0265
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0259
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0254
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0254
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0246
1732 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 ABCG2 0.0243
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.0236
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.0236
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.0234
1636 Trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 0.0223
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.0221
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.021
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0196
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0188
813 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2 0.0185
1341 Histamine H3 receptor HRH3 0.0184
1490 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 SLCO1B1 0.0177
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.017
516 Neurotensin receptor type 2 NTSR2 0.0168
1729 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 SLC22A6 0.0166
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.015
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0148
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0146
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0144
872 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1 GABRA1 0.0141
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0139
725 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor HTR1D 0.0138
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0135
696 Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1 0.013
847 Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1 0.0129
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.0128
535 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G CACNA1G 0.0125
731 HIV-1 protease HIV-1 protease 0.0122
6104 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 FMO1 0.0121
1735 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 ABCC2 0.0118
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0117
467 Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1 0.0117
6182 Cytochrome P450 2J2 CYP2J2 0.0115
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0113
862 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 ABCC1 0.0113
982 Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein CARTPT 0.011
6017 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial CYP11A1 0.011
528 5-hydroxytryptamine 1E receptor HTR1E 0.0109
385 Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 ATP4A 0.0103
260 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0102
761 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0102
3163 Cytochrome P450 51 cyp51 0.0102
6018 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 UGT1A9 0.0098
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0098
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.0094
1275 Estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1 0.009
6154 Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 SLC47A1 0.0089
4120 NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase POR 0.0089
805 Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial CYP11B1 0.0088
6178 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 UGT2B7 0.0088
380 Cytochrome P450 17A1 CYP17A1 0.0084
1757 Myeloperoxidase MPO 0.0083
6157 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 SLCO1B3 0.0083
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0082
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.0081
776 Bile salt export pump ABCB11 0.008
1632 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 SLCO2B1 0.0079
442 Envelope glycoprotein gp41 0.0078
4859 Envelope glycoprotein env 0.0078
94 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor HTR4 0.0077
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0077
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0077
964 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H CACNA1H 0.0077
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.0074
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.0073
580 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3 GABRA3 0.0071
423 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2 GABRA2 0.007
215 Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha SCN11A 0.007
1539 Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform SLC15A1 0.007
474 Acetylcholinesterase ACHE 0.0069
6031 Cytochrome P450 3A43 CYP3A43 0.0067
146 Androgen receptor AR 0.0064
6142 Solute carrier family 22 member 8 SLC22A8 0.0064
6432 Transporter snf 0.0064
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0064
4099 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3 GABRB3 0.0063
468 Cytochrome P450 4A11 CYP4A11 0.0062
15 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I CACNA1I 0.0062
817 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha TOP2A 0.006
523 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5 GABRA5 0.006
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.0059
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.0059
723 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 PLA2G4A 0.0057
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.0056
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.0056
464 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 GRIN2B 0.0056
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0055
6143 Solute carrier family 22 member 7 SLC22A7 0.0053
164 Histamine H4 receptor HRH4 0.0053
2164 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 ABCC4 0.0051
238 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma PPARG 0.0051
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0051
6097 Protein S100-A2 S100A2 0.005
1810 Protein S100-A1 S100A1 0.005
841 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6 GABRA6 0.0049
530 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4 GABRA4 0.0049
6023 Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial CYP11B2 0.0048
230 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 ABCC8 0.0047
6164 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 POU5F1 0.0046
1709 Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 ABCC3 0.0046
122 P2Y purinoceptor 12 P2RY12 0.0045
837 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 GRIN2A 0.0045
620 Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase Not Available 0.0045
161 Tubulin beta chain TUBB 0.0045
312 Tubulin beta chain TUB2 0.0045
2112 Toll-like receptor 9 TLR9 0.0044
2129 Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal SI 0.0043
1048 Protein S100-A13 S100A13 0.0043
2226 Protein S100-A12 S100A12 0.0043
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.0043
439 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 GRIN2D 0.0042
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0042
891 Dihydropteroate synthase folP 0.0041
5359 Dihydropteroate synthase folP 0.0041
7175 Dihydropteroate synthase sulI 0.0041
844 Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR 0.0041
1974 Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform SLC15A2 0.004
2132 Protein S100-B S100B 0.004
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.004
3804 Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha SCN4A 0.0039
360 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit RRM1 0.0039
4203 Histamine N-methyltransferase HNMT 0.0039
401 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 GRIN1 0.0038
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.0038
750 Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit CACNG1 0.0036
777 Tumor necrosis factor TNF 0.0036
6220 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR 0.0036
153 Dopamine beta-hydroxylase DBH 0.0036
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0035
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.0035
373 Transthyretin TTR 0.0035
504 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT 0.0035
6217 High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B PDE8B 0.0035
1360 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 0.0034
5251 Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 CBR1 0.0034
6506 Stathmin-4 STMN4 0.0033
6047 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A PDE1A 0.0033
462 Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 KCNN4 0.0033
606 Cytochrome P450 27, mitochondrial CYP27A1 0.0033
173 Toll-like receptor 7 TLR7 0.0033
762 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1 0.0033
362 Melatonin receptor type 1B MTNR1B 0.0032
571 Melatonin receptor type 1A MTNR1A 0.0032
871 Glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 0.0031
5692 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B PDE1B 0.0031
26 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 FLT4 0.0031
4100 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2 GABRB2 0.0031
4199 Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Edg-8 S1PR5 0.0031
6216 High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A PDE8A 0.003
1010 Cytochrome P450 51A1 CYP51A1 0.003
6014 Cytochrome P450 2A13 CYP2A13 0.003
1995 Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha SCN9A 0.003
6100 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2 0.003
73 Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP1 subtype PTGER1 0.003
136 Estrogen receptor ESR1 0.003
32 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 FLT1 0.003
592 Carbonic anhydrase 4 CA4 0.003
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0029
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0029
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0029
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0029
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0029
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0029
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0029
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0029
70 Type-1 angiotensin II receptor AGTR1 0.0029
6086 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 GABRG2 0.0029
4604 Liver carboxylesterase 1 CES1 0.0029
6088 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 GABRG3 0.0029
6090 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi GABRP 0.0029
6092 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 GABRR2 0.0029
691 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7B PDE7B 0.0029
6115 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 GABRR3 0.0029
6093 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta GABRD 0.0029
6089 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon GABRE 0.0029
6087 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 GABRG1 0.0029
142 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1 GABRR1 0.0029
6102 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2 0.0029
565 Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor CASR 0.0028
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0028
183 Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA 0.0028
6136 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 ABCC5 0.0028
4098 Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1 GABRB1 0.0028
6137 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 ABCC6 0.0028
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0028
174 Sigma 1-type opioid receptor SIGMAR1 0.0027
485 cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A PDE3A 0.0027
407 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 KDR 0.0027
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.0027
591 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B GRIN3B 0.0027
6148 Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 ABCC10 0.0027
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0027
49 Endothelin B receptor EDNRB 0.0027
514 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 KCNH6 0.0026
772 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 KCNH7 0.0026
779 High-affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A PDE7A 0.0026
918 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2 GRIK2 0.0026
787 Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 VKORC1 0.0026
1024 Solute carrier family 22 member 11 SLC22A11 0.0026
85 Growth hormone receptor GHR 0.0025
541 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B PDE4B 0.0025
228 Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRB 0.0025
578 Endothelin-1 receptor EDNRA 0.0025
614 Progesterone receptor PGR 0.0024
4160 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 CACNA2D2 0.0024
2300 Lysozyme E 0.0024
3633 Lysozyme R 0.0024
5597 Lysozyme 17 0.0024
952 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 0.0024
4109 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C PDE4C 0.0024
6181 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 UGT1A8 0.0024
1457 Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 ACSL4 0.0024
4311 tRNA TRDMT1 0.0024
4325 tRNA trmD 0.0024
4328 tRNA trmD 0.0024
921 Glutamate receptor 2 GRIA2 0.0024
1971 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A PDE4A 0.0024
6141 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 0.0023
65 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Not Available 0.0023
518 Peroxidase/catalase T katG 0.0023
950 Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFRA 0.0023
1284 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 NR1I2 0.0022
357 Carbonic anhydrase 2 CA2 0.0022
2539 Tubulin alpha-1 chain TUBA4A 0.0022
698 B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase BRAF 0.0022
6126 Carbonic anhydrase 7 CA7 0.0022
563 Thyroid peroxidase TPO 0.0022
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.0021
5300 Antigen peptide transporter 1 TAP1 0.0021
63 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0021
2329 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0021
3445 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0021
4420 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0021
4438 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.0021
17 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 ABL1 0.002
392 Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A CACNA1A 0.002
3090 Chitosanase csn 0.002
4149 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit NFKB2 0.002
634 Squalene monooxygenase SQLE 0.002
7196 Squalene monooxygenase ERG1 0.002
6180 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 UGT2B4 0.002
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.002
610 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1 KCNMA1 0.002
823 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 FGFR2 0.002
738 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 SLC16A1 0.002
295 Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1 0.002
6177 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 UGT1A10 0.002
2358 cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D PDE4D 0.0019
778 Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 CYSLTR1 0.0019
515 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 PSMD1 0.0019
522 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 PSMD2 0.0019
200 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial CPT2 0.0019
451 Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform CPT1A 0.0019
558 Solute carrier family 12 member 1 SLC12A1 0.0018
893 [Citrate [pro-3S]-lyase] ligase citC 0.0018
845 Pyruvate dehydrogenase [cytochrome] poxB 0.0018
1253 Interferon gamma IFNG 0.0018
567 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 ERBB2 0.0018
327 Glutathione reductase gor 0.0018
5110 Glutathione reductase GR2 0.0018
1178 Adenosine A2a receptor ADORA2A 0.0018
748 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 PRKAA1 0.0018
382 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 GRIK1 0.0018
756 Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG 0.0018
427 Substance-P receptor TACR1 0.0018
650 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 AKR1C3 0.0017
6091 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta GABRQ 0.0017
4177 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ret RET 0.0017
581 Cytochrome P450 2R1 CYP2R1 0.0017
633 Penicillin-binding proteins 1A/1B pbpA 0.0016
6038 Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma PDE6H 0.0016
505 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 GRIN2C 0.0016
4209 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 KCNJ8 0.0016
4228 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7 KRT7 0.0016
3854 Basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 FGFR1 0.0016
1629 Transcription factor AP-1 JUN 0.0016
1992 Vitamin D-binding protein GC 0.0016
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0016
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.0016
6045 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 CACNA2D3 0.0015
368 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] inhA 0.0015
3228 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 0.0015
3678 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 0.0015
6856 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 0.0015
243 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] NQO2 0.0015
6037 Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma PDE6G 0.0015
204 cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase PDE5A 0.0015
6158 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 SLCO1C1 0.0015
976 Platelet glycoprotein IX GP9 0.0015
4122 Histone deacetylase 2 HDAC2 0.0015
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.0015
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.0015
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0015
1630 Integrin beta-2 ITGB2 0.0015
4103 Proteasome subunit beta type 2 PSMB2 0.0015
4102 Proteasome subunit beta type 5 PSMB5 0.0015
4101 Proteasome subunit beta type 1 PSMB1 0.0015
80 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha PPARA 0.0015
1050 Bile salt sulfotransferase SULT2A1 0.0014
3086 Plasmepsin-2 Not Available 0.0014
3802 Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha SCN2A 0.0014
482 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1 0.0014
511 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F receptor HTR1F 0.0014
4148 Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR MTOR 0.0014
40 RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase RAF1 0.0014
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0014
6146 High affinity copper uptake protein 1 SLC31A1 0.0014
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.0014
208 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta' chain rpoC 0.0014
5774 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta' chain rpoC 0.0014
4114 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 CACNB3 0.0013
4112 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 CACNB4 0.0013
106 Cannabinoid receptor 2 CNR2 0.0013
3404 Exotoxin A eta 0.0013
709 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ1 0.0013
818 50S ribosomal protein L10 rplJ 0.0013
6174 50S ribosomal protein L32 rpmF 0.0013
1787 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit NFKB1 0.0013
4238 50S ribosomal protein L4 rplD 0.0013
5578 50S ribosomal protein L4 rplD 0.0013
6173 50S ribosomal protein L4 rplD 0.0013
6219 50S ribosomal protein L4 rplD 0.0013
1192 Sulfotransferase 1A1 SULT1A1 0.0013
165 FL cytokine receptor FLT3 0.0013
1196 Complement decay-accelerating factor CD55 0.0013
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0013
3426 Glutamine synthetase glnA 0.0013
3987 Glutamine synthetase GLUL 0.0013
860 Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase NNMT 0.0013
699 Nicotinic acid receptor 1 GPR109A 0.0013
928 Nicotinic acid receptor 2 GPR109B 0.0013
583 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] QPRT 0.0013
2442 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] nadC 0.0013
2459 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] nadC 0.0013
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0012
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.0012
68 Cannabinoid receptor 1 CNR1 0.0012
811 Translocator protein TSPO 0.0012
333 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 0.0012
232 Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA6 0.0012
6044 Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 PON3 0.0012
3856 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 FGFR3 0.0012
856 Vitamin D3 receptor VDR 0.0012
5766 NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-5 SIRT5 0.0012
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0011
1561 Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles TNNC1 0.0011
3868 Calcineurin subunit B isoform 2 PPP3R2 0.0011
572 Integrin alpha-L ITGAL 0.0011
421 Calcium signal-modulating cyclophilin ligand CAMLG 0.0011
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0011
2808 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 3 cat3 0.0011
707 72 kDa type IV collagenase MMP2 0.0011
1864 RET proto-oncogene RET 0.0011
1950 Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1 DDR1 0.0011
6170 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3 ABCA3 0.0011
6094 BCR/ABL fusion protein isoform X9 BCR/ABL fusion 0.0011
2222 Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 SLC29A1 0.0011
737 Mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 0.0011
2290 ADP-ribosyl cyclase 2 BST1 0.001
139 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 AKR1C1 0.001
280 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial ABAT 0.001
3601 Dihydropteroate synthase 1 folP1 0.001
3807 Dihydropteroate synthase 1 folP1 0.001
3808 Dihydropteroate synthase 2 folP2 0.001
6931 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1 KCNMB1 0.001
6932 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3 KCNMB3 0.001
6933 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-4 KCNMB4 0.001
6934 Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 1 KCNN1 0.001
6935 Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2 KCNN2 0.001
6936 Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3 KCNN3 0.001
2417 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase cat 0.001
3278 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase cat 0.001
2810 Dr hemagglutinin structural subunit draA 0.001
6179 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 UGT2B17 0.001
2718 Chloramphenicol 3-O phosphotransferase Not Available 0.001
144 Hemoglobin subunit alpha HBA1 0.001
5934 Cytochrome P450 26A1 CYP26A1 0.001
3913 Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 0.001
2184 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR 0.001
3126 Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 PARP1 0.0009
3830 Calreticulin CALR 0.0009
1064 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 DNMT1 0.0009
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0009
5787 Angiopoietin-1 receptor TEK 0.0009
781 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 KCNJ11 0.0009
741 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 KCNQ1 0.0009
3937 Fatty-acid amide hydrolase FAAH 0.0009
5463 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta 2 KCNMB2 0.0009
3970 Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B CACNA1B 0.0009
16 Adenosine A1 receptor ADORA1 0.0009
1483 Membrane copper amine oxidase AOC3 0.0009
241 Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 ATP2C1 0.0009
1524 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A PPIA 0.0009
6700 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A ppiA 0.0009
6034 Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase ASMT 0.0009
6035 Nuclear receptor ROR-beta RORB 0.0009
6036 Eosinophil peroxidase EPX 0.0009
951 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor CSF1R 0.0009
1262 Corticotropin-lipotropin POMC 0.0008
84 Nuclear receptor 0B1 NR0B1 0.0008
3932 Glutathione S-transferase A2 GSTA2 0.0008
537 ATP synthase delta chain, mitochondrial ATP5D 0.0008
869 Estrogen receptor beta ESR2 0.0008
4217 Telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT 0.0008
735 Alanine aminotransferase 1 GPT 0.0008
3904 Alanine aminotransferase 2 GPT2 0.0008
244 Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE 0.0008
559 NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 MT-ND1 0.0008
6212 Tubulin gamma-1 chain TUBG1 0.0008
6210 Tubulin delta chain TUBD1 0.0008
6211 Tubulin epsilon chain TUBE1 0.0008
2180 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 PDPK1 0.0008
6085 Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal FABP2 0.0008
6140 Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 0.0008
500 Monocarboxylate transporter 4 SLC16A3 0.0008
469 Annexin A1 ANXA1 0.0008
239 Coagulation factor X F10 0.0008
6155 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11 ABCC11 0.0008
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0008
765 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase IDO1 0.0007
866 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 SLC7A8 0.0007
820 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 GLRA2 0.0007
291 Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial NOS3 0.0007
245 Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 SLC7A5 0.0007
2981 Phospholipase A2, membrane associated PLA2G2A 0.0007
4773 Deoxycytidine kinase DCK 0.0007
2021 Thrombomodulin THBD 0.0007
33 Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 0.0007
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.0007
3961 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 KCNJ5 0.0007
1374 Natriuretic peptides B NPPB 0.0006
1827 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 0.0006
1908 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 VCAM1 0.0006
5798 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 MAPK11 0.0006
267 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 SERPINE1 0.0006
2320 Thymidine kinase, cytosolic TK1 0.0006
2450 Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK ITK 0.0006
2216 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 FGFR4 0.0006
806 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase alpha-1 chain ATP1A1 0.0006
814 Ryanodine receptor 1 RYR1 0.0006
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0006
2449 Tubulin alpha-3 chain TUBA1A 0.0006
6218 Pannexin-1 PANX1 0.0006
6046 Voltage-gated calcium channel beta 1 subunit splice variant CavB1d CACNB1 0.0006
6221 Steroid hormone receptor ERR1 ESRRA 0.0006
521 ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9 ABCC9 0.0006
705 Glutamate receptor 1 GRIA1 0.0006
1039 Histone deacetylase 9 HDAC9 0.0006
6048 Troponin C, skeletal muscle TNNC2 0.0005
543 Penicillin-binding protein 1B mrcB 0.0005
6186 Penicillin-binding protein 1B ponB 0.0005
6822 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0005
6844 Penicillin-binding protein 1b pbp1b 0.0005
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.0005
645 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0005
5805 Penicillin-binding protein 1A ponA 0.0005
6185 Penicillin-binding protein 1A mrcA 0.0005
6799 Penicillin-binding protein 1A pbpA 0.0005
268 Adenosine A2b receptor ADORA2B 0.0005
159 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0005
6121 Penicillin-binding protein 2B penA 0.0005
132 ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 ABCA1 0.0005
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.0005
6042 Prostaglandin reductase 2 PTGR2 0.0005
936 Ephrin type-A receptor 2 EPHA2 0.0005
276 Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 SLC6A1 0.0005
182 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial OGDH 0.0005
630 Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ACADSB 0.0005
6133 Sodium channel subunit beta-2 SCN2B 0.0005
6134 Sodium channel subunit beta-3 SCN3B 0.0005
6206 DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' rpoC 0.0005
6129 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11 CA11 0.0005
6132 Sodium channel subunit beta-1 SCN1B 0.0005
6135 Sodium channel subunit beta-4 SCN4B 0.0005
6127 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein CA8 0.0005
6128 Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 10 CA10 0.0005
389 Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal ACCN2 0.0005
1792 Tissue-type plasminogen activator PLAT 0.0005
233 Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 KCNK2 0.0005
273 Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 BCL2 0.0005
6824 Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn LYN 0.0005
6149 Solute carrier family 22 member 10 SLC22A10 0.0005
6043 Putative G-protein coupled receptor 44 GPR44 0.0005
4162 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 KCNQ3 0.0004
3809 Estrogen-related receptor gamma ESRRG 0.0004
760 Fibroblast growth factor 1 FGF1 0.0004
1768 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) gamma-2 subunit GNG2 0.0004
1581 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 KCNJ6 0.0004
1571 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 KCNJ3 0.0004
1268 Neuropeptide S receptor NPSR1 0.0004
284 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta chain rpoB 0.0004
5773 DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta chain rpoB 0.0004
170 Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH5A1 0.0004
751 Potassium channel subfamily K member 6 KCNK6 0.0004
3803 Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha SCN3A 0.0004
6130 Carbonic anhydrase 13 CA13 0.0004
6172 ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 8, mitochondrial ABCB8 0.0004
6124 Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial CA5B 0.0004
6073 Potassium channel subfamily K member 9 KCNK9 0.0004
6072 Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 KCNK3 0.0004
6131 Carbonic anhydrase 14 CA14 0.0004
172 Potassium channel subfamily K member 1 KCNK1 0.0004
1313 Lactoylglutathione lyase GLO1 0.0004
6122 Carbonic anhydrase 3 CA3 0.0004
337 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial NDUFS7 0.0004
214 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial NDUFS3 0.0004
803 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial NDUFS2 0.0004
6123 Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial CA5A 0.0004
3957 Adenosine deaminase ADA 0.0004
489 Monocarboxylate transporter 2 SLC16A7 0.0003
6168 Solute carrier family 22 member 16 SLC22A16 0.0003
937 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase LCK LCK 0.0003
6861 Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] AKR1A1 0.0003
3007 Carbonic anhydrase 12 CA12 0.0003
4205 Carbonic anhydrase 9 CA9 0.0003
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0003
6153 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1 SLCO4A1 0.0003
2207 Rhodopsin RHO 0.0003
6152 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 SLCO2A1 0.0003
6020 Aldehyde oxidase AOX1 0.0003
933 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src SRC 0.0003
2157 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 NQO1 0.0002
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0002
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