DT-Web

DB01210 - Levobunolol


Identification
Name Levobunolol
Accession Number DB01210 (APRD00165)
Type small molecule
Description A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 291.3853
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 291.183443671
Pharmacology
Indication For lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and may be used in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Mechanism of action Levobunolol's mechanism of action in reducing IOP is not clearly defined, but is believed to be due to a reduction of the production of aqueous humor via blockage of endogenous catecholamine-stimulated increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations within the ciliary processes.
Absorption 80%
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, and acute cardiac failure, LD50=700 mg/kg (orally in rat).
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Mechanism of interaction
Treprostinil Additive hypotensive effect. Monitor antihypertensive therapy during concomitant use.
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Name Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRB2
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
  • Quast U, Vollmer KO: Binding of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists to rat and rabbit lung: special reference to levobunolol. Arzneimittelforschung. 1984;34(5):579-84. - Pubmed
  • Sharif NA, Xu SX, Crider JY, McLaughlin M, Davis TL: Levobetaxolol (Betaxon) and other beta-adrenergic antagonists: preclinical pharmacology, IOP-lowering activity and sites of action in human eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Aug;17(4):305-17. - Pubmed
  • Harris A, Malinovsky V, Martin B: Correlates of acute exercise-induced ocular hypotension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Oct;35(11):3852-7. - Pubmed
  • Brooks AM, Gillies WE: Ocular beta-blockers in glaucoma management. Clinical pharmacological aspects. Drugs Aging. 1992 May-Jun;2(3):208-21. - Pubmed
  • Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61. - Pubmed
  • Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6916
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Name Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Gene Name ADRB1
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63. - Pubmed
  • Harris A, Malinovsky V, Martin B: Correlates of acute exercise-induced ocular hypotension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Oct;35(11):3852-7. - Pubmed
  • Chidlow G, Melena J, Osborne NN: Betaxolol, a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, reduces Na(+) influx into cortical synaptosomes by direct interaction with Na(+) channels: comparison with other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;130(4):759-66. - Pubmed
  • Sharif NA, Xu SX, Crider JY, McLaughlin M, Davis TL: Levobetaxolol (Betaxon) and other beta-adrenergic antagonists: preclinical pharmacology, IOP-lowering activity and sites of action in human eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Aug;17(4):305-17. - Pubmed
  • Brooks AM, Gillies WE: Ocular beta-blockers in glaucoma management. Clinical pharmacological aspects. Drugs Aging. 1992 May-Jun;2(3):208-21. - Pubmed
  • Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6854

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
1517 Beta-3 adrenergic receptor ADRB3 0.1348
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.108
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0576
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0509
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0499
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.0356
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.035
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.0326
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0304
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0284
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.028
101 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 KCNH2 0.0262
2300 Lysozyme E 0.0243
3633 Lysozyme R 0.0243
5597 Lysozyme 17 0.0243
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0243
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.022
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.022
3810 Catechol O-methyltransferase COMT 0.0211
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0186
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0185
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0184
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.0184
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.018
1820 Beta-nerve growth factor NGF 0.0166
6040 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating PGD 0.016
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0153
4146 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma PIK3R3 0.0151
4145 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta PIK3R2 0.0151
828 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase PAH 0.0149
3109 Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase phhA 0.0149
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0131
1281 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha PIK3R1 0.0125
4292 Acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]--UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase lpxA 0.0124
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0123
3076 Antigen 85-C fbpC 0.0122
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.0118
777 Tumor necrosis factor TNF 0.0112
713 Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3 0.0107
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0103
6847 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase LCT 0.0093
1176 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MAPK1 0.0083
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.008
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.0078
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0076
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0076
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0064
6022 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A1 0.0063
1374 Natriuretic peptides B NPPB 0.0061
1827 Gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA1 0.0061
1908 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 VCAM1 0.0061
6164 POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 POU5F1 0.0061
131 Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2 0.0058
3876 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase DDC 0.0055
194 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 NDUFC2 0.005
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.005
183 Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA 0.0045
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0045
6151 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 SLC16A10 0.004
1360 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 0.0036
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0036
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0036
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0035
3947 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH 0.0032
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.003
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0029
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.0028
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0028
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0028
6432 Transporter snf 0.0027
4160 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 CACNA2D2 0.0027
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.0026
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0025
964 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H CACNA1H 0.0025
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0024
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0024
233 Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 KCNK2 0.0023
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.0023
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.002
4114 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 CACNB3 0.0019
4112 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 CACNB4 0.0019
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0019
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0019
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0019
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0018
4113 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F CACNA1F 0.0018
333 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1 0.0017
158 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha SCN1A 0.0017
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.0016
617 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2 0.0016
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.0015
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.0015
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.0015
4111 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S CACNA1S 0.0015
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.0014
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0014
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0009
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