DT-Web

DB00609 - Ethionamide


Identification
Name Ethionamide
Accession Number DB00609 (APRD00961)
Type small molecule
Description A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. It also may be used for treatment of leprosy. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p868)
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 166.243
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 166.05646902
Pharmacology
Indication For use in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis when other antitubercular drugs have failed.
Mechanism of action Ethionamide may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal in action, depending on the concentration of the drug attained at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the infecting organism. Ethionamide, like prothionamide and pyrazinamide, is a nicotinic acid derivative related to isoniazid. It is thought that ethionamide undergoes intracellular modification and acts in a similar fashion to isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA.
Absorption Essentially completely absorbed following oral administration and not subjected to any appreciable first pass metabolism. Bioavailability approximately 100%.
Protein binding Approximately 30% bound to proteins.
Biotransformation Hepatic and extensive. Metabolized to the active metabolite sulfoxide, and several inactive metabolites. The sulphoxide metabolite has been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Route of elimination Less than 1% of the oral dose is excreted as ethionamide in urine. Ethionamide is extensively metabolized to active and inactive metabolites.
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, nausea, and vomiting.
Affected organisms
  • Mycobacteria
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]
Name Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]
Gene Name inhA
Pharmacological action yes
Actions adduct
References
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Morlock GP, Metchock B, Sikes D, Crawford JT, Cooksey RC: ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Dec;47(12):3799-805. - Pubmed
  • Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quemard A, Balasubramanian V, Um KS, Wilson T, Collins D, de Lisle G, Jacobs WR Jr: inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science. 1994 Jan 14;263(5144):227-30. - Pubmed
  • Larsen MH, Vilcheze C, Kremer L, Besra GS, Parsons L, Salfinger M, Heifets L, Hazbon MH, Alland D, Sacchettini JC, Jacobs WR Jr: Overexpression of inhA, but not kasA, confers resistance to isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Oct;46(2):453-66. - Pubmed
  • Vilcheze C, Weisbrod TR, Chen B, Kremer L, Hazbon MH, Wang F, Alland D, Sacchettini JC, Jacobs WR Jr: Altered NADH/NAD+ ratio mediates coresistance to isoniazid and ethionamide in mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):708-20. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.6279
Peroxidase/catalase T
Name Peroxidase/catalase T
Gene Name katG
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions other/unknown
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Morlock GP, Metchock B, Sikes D, Crawford JT, Cooksey RC: ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Dec;47(12):3799-805. - Pubmed
  • Guo H, Seet Q, Denkin S, Parsons L, Zhang Y: Molecular characterization of isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the USA. J Med Microbiol. 2006 Nov;55(Pt 11):1527-31. - Pubmed
  • Lavender C, Globan M, Sievers A, Billman-Jacobe H, Fyfe J: Molecular characterization of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected in Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Oct;49(10):4068-74. - Pubmed
  • DeBarber AE, Mdluli K, Bosman M, Bekker LG, Barry CE 3rd: Ethionamide activation and sensitivity in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 15;97(17):9677-82. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.4592

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
3228 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 1.6279
3678 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 1.6279
6856 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] fabI 1.6279
6102 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2 0.0453
6855 Enoyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein) reductase fabI 0.0328
6877 Enoyl-(Acyl-carrier-protein) reductase fabK 0.0328
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0265
5325 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, mitochondrial DECR1 0.0261
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0238
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0237
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0218
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0213
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.0209
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0198
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.019
4954 Soluble cytochrome b558 Not Available 0.0062
4905 Cytochrome c2 Not Available 0.0062
4939 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0062
4964 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0062
4979 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0062
6673 Cytochrome c2 cycA 0.0062
4936 Cytochrome c2 iso-2 Not Available 0.0062
4916 Cyanoglobin glbN 0.0062
4907 Cytochrome c-L moxG 0.0062
6865 Cytochrome c-L moxG 0.0062
4915 Cytochrome c-550 psbV 0.0062
4959 Cytochrome c-550 psbV 0.0062
5216 Cytochrome c-550 psbV 0.0062
4925 Cytochrome c-type protein SHP shp 0.0062
4998 Hemoglobin-like protein yjbI yjbI 0.0062
4934 Cytochrome c-551 nirM 0.0062
5218 Cytochrome c-551 nirM 0.0062
4947 Bacterial hemoglobin vhb 0.0062
4975 Cytochrome c-556 RPA3973 0.0062
4942 Diheme cytochrome c napB napB 0.0062
4984 Neuroglobin NGB 0.0062
4943 Cytochrome c6 petJ 0.0062
4910 Cytoglobin CYGB 0.0061
4981 Iron-starvation protein PigA pigA 0.0061
4937 Cytochrome oxidase subunit II rcoxA 0.0061
3116 Bacterioferritin bfr 0.0061
4906 Bacterioferritin bfr 0.0061
4965 Bacterioferritin bfr 0.0061
4909 CooA protein cooA 0.0061
4994 Hemoglobin-like protein HbO glbO 0.0061
5000 HemO hemO 0.0061
4935 Cytochrome c-554 cycA1 0.0061
4971 Nonaheme cytochrome c hmcA 0.0061
644 Heme oxygenase 2 HMOX2 0.0061
4982 Heme oxygenase 2 pbsA2 0.0061
4960 Putative cytochrome P450-family protein SCO7417 0.0061
4931 Cytochrome P450 167A1 CYP167A1 0.0061
4989 Cytochrome c551 peroxidase ccp 0.0061
5222 Cytochrome c551 peroxidase ccpA 0.0061
4961 Hemophore HasA hasA 0.0061
4976 Apocytochrome f petA 0.0061
6407 Apocytochrome f petA 0.0061
4904 Cytochrome c family protein GSU1996 0.0061
4922 Cytochrome c, putative SO_4144 0.0061
4999 Cytochrome P450 165B3 CYP165B3 0.0061
4972 P450cin cinA 0.0061
4764 Cytochrome P450 165C4 CYP165C4 0.0061
4926 Heme-based aerotactic transducer hemAT hemAT 0.0061
4993 Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase hao1 0.0061
4952 Catalase/peroxidase katA 0.0061
3093 Catalase HPII katE 0.0061
4970 Cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalytic subunit nrfA 0.0061
4908 Heme-regulated cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase dosP 0.0061
4903 Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Tar4 0.0061
4920 Peroxidase/catalase katG 0.0049
2915 Sensor protein fixL fixL 0.0048
4944 Sensor protein fixL fixL 0.0048
2230 Catalase CAT 0.0047
3249 Catalase katA 0.0047
3625 Catalase katA 0.0047
4539 Catalase katA 0.0047
4941 Catalase katB 0.0047
4956 Quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase ADH IIB qbdA 0.0047
4948 Cytochrome c-553 Not Available 0.0047
2119 Cytochrome b5 CYB5A 0.0047
4923 Cytochrome c3 DvMF_2499 0.0047
4945 Cytochrome c3 Not Available 0.0047
4949 Cytochrome c3 DVU_3171 0.0047
4968 Cytochrome c3 cytc3 0.0047
4997 Cytochrome c3 SO_2727 0.0047
5219 Cytochrome c3 cyd 0.0047
4902 Nine-heme cytochrome c Ddes_2038 0.0047
3189 High-molecular-weight cytochrome c hmcA 0.0047
4988 Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial SUOX 0.0047
4037 Hypothetical protein GPX1 0.0046
4297 Hypothetical protein SP_1951 0.0046
4521 Hypothetical protein BC_2969 0.0046
4540 Hypothetical protein TM_1070 0.0046
4555 Hypothetical protein MT1739 0.0046
4569 Hypothetical protein mshD 0.0046
4578 Hypothetical protein PA3270 0.0046
4747 Hypothetical protein PA3967 0.0046
5177 Hypothetical protein TM_0096 0.0046
5194 Hypothetical protein PA1204 0.0046
5240 Hypothetical protein Rv2991 0.0046
5370 Hypothetical protein TM_1158 0.0046
5710 Hypothetical protein Tb927.5.1360 0.0046
4385 Cytochrome c' Not Available 0.0046
4967 Cytochrome c' cycA 0.0046
5038 Cytochrome c' Not Available 0.0046
5223 Cytochrome c' cycP 0.0046
3570 Cytochrome P450 152A1 cypC 0.0046
4990 PpcA ppcA 0.0046
4813 Heme oxygenase hmuO 0.0046
5769 Heme oxygenase Not Available 0.0046
3375 Acidic cytochrome c3 Not Available 0.0046
4289 Cytochrome P450 TT_P0059 0.0046
6262 Cytochrome P450 staP 0.0046
4992 Cytochrome c peroxidase Not Available 0.0046
3411 Cytochrome P450 121 cyp121 0.0042
3670 Soluble cytochrome b562 precursor cybC 0.0041
2617 Nitric oxide synthase oxygenase nos 0.0041
2701 Nitric oxide synthase oxygenase nos 0.0041
3291 Cytochrome c-552 cycA 0.0041
4927 Cytochrome c-552 nrfA 0.0041
4938 Cytochrome c-552 cycA 0.0041
4953 Cytochrome c-552 nrfA 0.0041
5217 Cytochrome c-552 cycM 0.0041
4386 Hemoglobin-like protein HbN glbN 0.0041
3102 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0041
4969 Flavohemoprotein hmp 0.0041
605 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0038
2709 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit SO_0970 0.0038
3673 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit fccA 0.0038
4912 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit ifcA 0.0038
6549 Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit frdA 0.0038
2972 6-deoxyerythronolide B hydroxylase eryF 0.0038
3127 Nitrite reductase nirS 0.0037
3284 Nitrite reductase nirS 0.0037
2845 Bifunctional P-450:NADPH-P450 reductase CYP102A1 0.0037
3221 Cytochrome c4 cc4 0.0037
358 Cystathionine beta-synthase CBS 0.0036
4608 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO1207 0.0035
4963 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO2884 0.0035
6254 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO6998 0.0035
260 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0034
761 Cytochrome P450 51 ERG11 0.0034
3163 Cytochrome P450 51 cyp51 0.0034
1507 Cytochrome c CYCS 0.0033
693 Hemoglobin subunit beta HBB 0.0032
6268 Hydroxyacid oxidase 1 HAO1 0.003
810 Heme oxygenase 1 HMOX1 0.003
3391 Heme oxygenase 1 pbsA1 0.003
275 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALOX5 0.0028
2298 Cytochrome P450-cam camC 0.0027
76 Nitric-oxide synthase, brain NOS1 0.0025
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0024
7 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible NOS2 0.0023
291 Nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial NOS3 0.0022
290 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 PTGS2 0.002
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0019
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0018
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0018
4428 Redox-sensing transcriptional repressor rex rex 0.0015
4449 ADP-ribosyltransferase Not Available 0.0015
3381 Alcohol dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0015
4508 Alcohol dehydrogenase adhA 0.0015
2350 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase leuB 0.0015
3092 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase leuB 0.0015
4471 CDP-D-glucose-4,6-dehydratase ascB 0.0015
4495 3-oxoacyl-(Acyl carrier protein) reductase TM_1169 0.0015
4446 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/carbonyl reductase Not Available 0.0015
4472 Glucose 1-dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0015
4423 Levodione reductase lvr 0.0015
4505 Cis-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase bphB 0.0015
4443 Quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase ydiB 0.0015
4456 Inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase ppnK 0.0015
4500 L-lactate dehydrogenase 2 ldh2 0.0015
4447 Hypothetical protein yhfP yhfP 0.0015
4336 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0015
4436 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase tthHB8IM 0.0015
4414 Dehydrogenase TT_P0035 0.0015
4418 AGR_L_3209p AGR_L_3209 0.0015
4507 Alanine dehydrogenase ald 0.0015
4475 Hypothetical protein Rv0046c/MT0052 ino1 0.0015
4497 Benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase xylB 0.0015
3735 NAD(P) transhydrogenase subunit alpha part 1 pntAA 0.0015
4448 L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0015
4466 Glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase fdhA 0.0015
4502 Formate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0015
180 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH 0.0015
3726 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0015
4291 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase serA 0.0015
4487 Transcriptional regulator nadR nadR 0.0015
3729 Citrate synthase gltA 0.0015
4575 Citrate synthase cit 0.0015
4580 Citrate synthase gltA 0.0015
4435 L-aspartate dehydrogenase nadX 0.0015
4467 Alpha-glucosidase, putative TM_0752 0.0015
4455 Glycerol dehydrogenase gldA 0.0015
4506 Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase-related protein TM_1419 0.0015
4451 Vip2Ac vip2Ac 0.0015
1199 GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 ART1 0.0012
3615 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase dapB 0.0012
3618 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase dapB 0.0012
4462 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase dapB 0.0012
4503 NADPH-flavin oxidoreductase frp 0.0012
6698 Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4-like 2 DHRS4L2 0.0012
2591 Urocanate hydratase hutU 0.0012
2967 CDP-paratose 2-epimerase rfbE 0.0012
4482 UDP-galactose 4-epimerase galE 0.0012
2424 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.0012
2641 L-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0012
4437 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.0012
4442 L-lactate dehydrogenase ldh 0.0012
126 D-lactate dehydrogenase dld 0.0012
3545 D-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0012
4510 D-lactate dehydrogenase ldhA 0.0012
4486 Phenol 2-hydroxylase component B pheA2 0.0012
3598 dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase rfbD 0.0012
4484 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase A dkgA 0.0012
4427 TDP-glucose-4,6-dehydratase desIV 0.0012
3177 dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase rfbB 0.0012
4499 dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase rmlB 0.0012
2507 Diphtheria toxin Not Available 0.0012
4439 Ferredoxin reductase bphA4 0.0012
3671 7-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase hdhA 0.0012
2831 3-alpha-(or 20-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0012
3059 3-alpha-(or 20-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase fabG3 0.0012
4477 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpdV 0.0012
5077 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0012
5117 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase lpd 0.0012
3087 Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase nadD 0.0012
4469 Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase nadD 0.0012
3401 D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase Not Available 0.0012
4450 Iota toxin component Ia Not Available 0.0012
2336 2,3-diketo-L-gulonate reductase dlgD 0.0012
4498 Ornithine cyclodeaminase PP3533 0.0012
2018 Deoxyhypusine synthase DHPS 0.0012
2538 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase bglT bglT 0.0012
4496 C-terminal-binding protein 1 CTBP1 0.0012
2393 Maltose-6'-phosphate glucosidase glvA 0.0012
3081 3-dehydroquinate synthase aroB 0.0012
4509 Acetoin(diacetyl) reductase budC 0.0012
2881 Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase prr 0.0012
2683 Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 C3 0.0011
3296 Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 NMNAT1 0.0011
4504 WbpP Not Available 0.0011
711 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase UGDH 0.0011
3672 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase hasB 0.0011
2799 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycosomal Not Available 0.0011
4318 Siroheme synthase cysG 0.0011
3367 GDP-mannose 6-dehydrogenase algD 0.0011
4440 NADH peroxidase npr 0.0011
4343 Alpha-glucosidase aglA 0.0011
3736 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A gapA 0.0011
3333 Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 NMNAT3 0.0011
3070 Adenosylhomocysteinase AHCY 0.0011
4424 Adenosylhomocysteinase PFE1050w 0.0011
6278 Adenosylhomocysteinase ahcY 0.0011
3191 Histidinol dehydrogenase hisD 0.0011
2434 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0011
2910 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0011
3217 NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase nadE 0.0011
1799 Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase G6PD 0.0011
2630 Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase zwf 0.0011
2826 Glucose--fructose oxidoreductase gfo 0.0011
63 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.001
2329 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.001
3445 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.001
4420 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.001
4438 Malate dehydrogenase mdh 0.001
816 Biliverdin reductase A BLVRA 0.001
316 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH9A1 0.001
792 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring ALDH3A1 0.001
579 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain ADH7 0.001
4476 Mannitol dehydrogenase mtlD 0.001
631 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase HMGCR 0.001
3387 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mvaA 0.001
5766 NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-5 SIRT5 0.001
327 Glutathione reductase gor 0.001
5110 Glutathione reductase GR2 0.001
328 Sorbitol dehydrogenase SORD 0.001
646 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic MDH1 0.001
350 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 HSD17B10 0.001
178 NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 CYB5R3 0.001
812 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial DLD 0.001
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.001
454 Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 HSD17B4 0.001
396 Alcohol dehydrogenase 4 ADH4 0.001
363 NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME3 0.001
4491 DNA ligase, NAD-dependent ligA 0.001
77 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB 0.001
419 Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HADH 0.001
12 Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 ADH5 0.001
2286 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] icd 0.001
2302 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] icd 0.001
2771 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] icd 0.001
473 L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 0.0009
794 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific GAPDHS 0.0009
599 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH 0.0009
4426 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0009
4454 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0009
4489 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap 0.0009
2762 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase GALE 0.0009
3461 UDP-glucose 4-epimerase galE 0.0009
166 NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial ME2 0.0009
6861 Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+] AKR1A1 0.0009
830 Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial GLUD2 0.0009
201 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial GLUD1 0.0008
251 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A ADH1A 0.0008
611 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1A1 0.0008
796 Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 IMPDH2 0.0008
569 Retinal dehydrogenase 2 ALDH1A2 0.0008
217 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1 HSD17B1 0.0008
444 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ADH1B 0.0008
714 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial GSR 0.0007
517 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C ADH1C 0.0007
147 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ALDH2 0.0007
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