DT-Web

DB00483 - Gallamine Triethiodide


Identification
Name Gallamine Triethiodide
Accession Number DB00483 (APRD00712)
Type small molecule
Description A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of tubocurarine, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)
Structure
MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI
Categories (*)
Molecular Weight 891.5291
Groups approved
Monoisotopic Weight 891.176873061
Pharmacology
Indication For use as adjuncts to anesthesia to induce skeletal muscle relaxation and to facilitate the management of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
Mechanism of action It competes with acetylcholine (ACh) molecules and binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane of the motor endplate. It acts by combining with the cholinergic receptor sites in muscle and competitively blocking the transmitter action of acetylcholine. It blocks the action of ACh and prevents activation of the muscle contraction process. It can also act on nicotinic presynaptic acetylcholine receptors which inhibits the release of ACh.
Absorption Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Biotransformation Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available

Targets


Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Name Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Gene Name CHRM2
Pharmacological action yes
Actions antagonist
References
  • Huang XP, Prilla S, Mohr K, Ellis J: Critical amino acid residues of the common allosteric site on the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: more similarities than differences between the structurally divergent agents gallamine and bis(ammonio)alkane-type hexamethylene-bis-[dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium]dibromide. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;68(3):769-78. Epub 2005 Jun 3. - Pubmed
  • De Vries B, Roffel AF, Kooistra JM, Meurs H, Zaagsma J: Effects of fenoterol on beta-adrenoceptor and muscarinic M2 receptor function in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 11;419(2-3):253-9. - Pubmed
  • Cembala TM, Forde SC, Appadu BL, Lambert DG: Allosteric interaction of the neuromuscular blockers vecuronium and pancuronium with recombinant human muscarinic M2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Aug 13;569(1-2):37-40. Epub 2007 May 22. - Pubmed
  • Ten Berge RE, Krikke M, Teisman AC, Roffel AF, Zaagsma J: Dysfunctional muscarinic M2 autoreceptors in vagally induced bronchoconstriction of conscious guinea pigs after the early allergic reaction. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Dec 27;318(1):131-9. - Pubmed
  • Spina D, Minshall E, Goldie RG, Page CP: The effect of allosteric antagonists in modulating muscarinic M2-receptor function in guinea-pig isolated trachea. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Jul;112(3):901-5. - Pubmed
  • Redka DS, Pisterzi LF, Wells JW: Binding of orthosteric ligands to the allosteric site of the M(2) muscarinic cholinergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Sep;74(3):834-43. Epub 2008 Jun 13. - Pubmed
  • Maier-Peuschel M, Frolich N, Dees C, Hommers LG, Hoffmann C, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ: A fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based M2 muscarinic receptor sensor reveals rapid kinetics of allosteric modulation. J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 19;285(12):8793-800. Epub 2010 Jan 18. - Pubmed
  • Ehlert FJ, Griffin MT: Two-state models and the analysis of the allosteric effect of gallamine at the M2 muscarinic receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jun;325(3):1039-60. Epub 2008 Feb 27. - Pubmed
  • Elsinghorst PW, Cieslik JS, Mohr K, Trankle C, Gutschow M: First gallamine-tacrine hybrid: design and characterization at cholinesterases and the M2 muscarinic receptor. J Med Chem. 2007 Nov 15;50(23):5685-95. Epub 2007 Oct 18. - Pubmed
  • Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.3756
Acetylcholinesterase
Name Acetylcholinesterase
Gene Name ACHE
Pharmacological action yes
Actions inhibitor
References
  • Radic Z, Taylor P: The influence of peripheral site ligands on the reaction of symmetric and chiral organophosphates with wildtype and mutant acetylcholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact. 1999 May 14;119-120:111-7. - Pubmed
  • Radic Z, Taylor P: Peripheral site ligands accelerate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by neutral organophosphates. J Appl Toxicol. 2001 Dec;21 Suppl 1:S13-4. - Pubmed
  • Robaire B, Kato G: Effects of edrophonium, eserine, decamethonium, d-tubocurarine, and gallamine on the kinetics of membrane-bound and solubilized eel acetylcholinesterase. Mol Pharmacol. 1975 Nov;11(6):722-34. - Pubmed
  • Seto Y, Shinohara T: Structure-activity relationship of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors including paraquat. Arch Toxicol. 1988 Aug;62(1):37-40. - Pubmed
  • Bourgeois JP, Betz H, Changuex JP: [Effects of chronic paralysis of chick embryo by flaxedil on the development of the neuromuscular junction] C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1978 Mar 13;286(10):773-6. - Pubmed
  • Elsinghorst PW, Cieslik JS, Mohr K, Trankle C, Gutschow M: First gallamine-tacrine hybrid: design and characterization at cholinesterases and the M2 muscarinic receptor. J Med Chem. 2007 Nov 15;50(23):5685-95. Epub 2007 Oct 18. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 1.0349
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2
Name Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2
Gene Name CHRNA2
Pharmacological action unknown
Actions antagonist
References
  • Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. - Pubmed
  • Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. - Pubmed
  • Aoshima H, Inoue Y, Hori K: Inhibition of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors by antagonists: strategy to estimate the association and the dissociation rate constant of antagonists with very strong affinity to the receptors. J Biochem. 1992 Oct;112(4):495-502. - Pubmed
DTHybrid score 0.6253

Predictions


Id Partner name Gene Name Score
3923 Cholinesterase BCHE 0.2104
103 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1 0.1677
51 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3 0.1669
450 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 0.0829
274 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5 0.0649
6145 Solute carrier family 22 member 1 SLC22A1 0.0587
4119 Cytochrome P450 2D6 CYP2D6 0.0499
341 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor HTR3A 0.045
1588 Multidrug resistance protein 1 ABCB1 0.0449
4512 Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 0.04
5259 Transcriptional regulator ntrC1 0.0327
6699 Transcriptional regulator Cgl2612 0.0327
6144 Solute carrier family 22 member 2 SLC22A2 0.03
492 Histamine H1 receptor HRH1 0.0286
4264 Alpha-L-fucosidase, putative TM_0306 0.0278
723 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 PLA2G4A 0.0228
502 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor HTR2A 0.0224
6794 Uncharacterized lipoprotein ybbD ybbD 0.0213
2662 Glutamate racemase murI 0.0213
6299 Glutamate racemase murI 0.0213
6641 Glutamate racemase murI 0.0213
6771 Glutamate racemase murI 0.0213
6892 Glutamate racemase murI 0.0213
6795 Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase ptsP 0.0213
435 Kynureninase KYNU 0.0213
4654 Kynureninase kynU 0.0213
3454 Esterase estA 0.0212
706 Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A GRIN3A 0.0186
556 Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A 0.0165
2517 Subtilisin BPN' apr 0.0155
4757 Cytochrome P450 2C9 CYP2C9 0.0154
590 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor HTR2C 0.0143
4200 Cytochrome P450 1A2 CYP1A2 0.014
118 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 SLC22A5 0.014
831 D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2 0.0139
458 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10 0.0136
23 D(1A) dopamine receptor DRD1 0.0128
540 Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2 0.0128
6139 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 SLCO1A2 0.0121
6082 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3 0.012
6080 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5 0.012
948 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2 0.0119
824 Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4 0.0119
6013 Cytochrome P450 2E1 CYP2E1 0.0116
6016 Cytochrome P450 2C19 CYP2C19 0.0113
6081 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6 0.0111
198 Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha SCN10A 0.011
4097 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9 0.011
833 Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 SLC22A4 0.0103
6078 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4 0.0102
4924 Cytochrome P450 2C8 CYP2C8 0.0102
6030 Cytochrome P450 2B6 CYP2B6 0.0096
713 Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3 0.0095
6079 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3 0.0093
4118 Cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 0.0087
436 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor HTR2B 0.0086
3176 Trypsin-1 PRSS1 0.0086
789 Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D 0.0086
632 Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B 0.008
1181 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 ORM1 0.0078
947 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4 0.0075
6024 Cytochrome P450 1A1 CYP1A1 0.0074
432 D(4) dopamine receptor DRD4 0.0072
3626 Probable polysaccharide deacetylase pdaA pdaA 0.0071
4095 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7 0.007
131 Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2 0.0065
2998 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7 SIGLEC7 0.0064
319 Opioid receptor, sigma 1 OPRS1 0.006
638 D(3) dopamine receptor DRD3 0.0059
4787 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0059
4820 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0059
5727 Envelope glycoprotein gp160 env 0.0059
6107 Cytochrome P450 3A7 CYP3A7 0.0057
1373 Glucosylceramidase GBA 0.0056
4666 Fucose-binding lectin PA-IIL lecB 0.0056
3140 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0054
3609 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase HN 0.0054
5718 Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6 0.0054
6098 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 KCND2 0.0054
6099 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 KCND3 0.0054
5878 Alpha-7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit CHRFAM7A 0.0052
320 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor HTR1A 0.0051
144 Hemoglobin subunit alpha HBA1 0.0051
2129 Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal SI 0.0051
378 Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C 0.005
318 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A 0.0049
629 Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B 0.0049
174 Sigma 1-type opioid receptor SIGMAR1 0.0048
528 5-hydroxytryptamine 1E receptor HTR1E 0.0045
6147 Solute carrier family 22 member 3 SLC22A3 0.0043
3941 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA 0.0042
1256 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor HTR6 0.0041
163 D(1B) dopamine receptor DRD5 0.0041
1178 Adenosine A2a receptor ADORA2A 0.004
4785 Ig gamma-1 chain C region IGHG1 0.0038
716 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor HTR7 0.0038
220 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha SCN5A 0.0035
725 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor HTR1D 0.0034
885 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor HTR1B 0.0033
6176 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 UGT1A3 0.0032
244 Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE 0.0032
3811 Cytochrome P450 19A1 CYP19A1 0.003
6014 Cytochrome P450 2A13 CYP2A13 0.0026
465 Calmodulin CALM1 0.0025
215 Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha SCN11A 0.0024
3929 Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase PHOSPHO1 0.0021
861 Choline kinase alpha CHKA 0.0021
549 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B PCYT1B 0.0021
700 Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial CHDH 0.0021
264 Choline/ethanolamine kinase [Includes: Choline kinase beta CHKB 0.0021
3933 Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase CEPT1 0.0021
1686 Choline transporter-like protein 1 SLC44A1 0.0021
3926 Choline transporter-like protein 2 SLC44A2 0.0021
576 Choline O-acetyltransferase CHAT 0.0021
769 High-affinity choline transporter 1 SLC5A7 0.0021
3922 Phospholipase D2 PLD2 0.0021
3927 Choline transporter-like protein 3 SLC44A3 0.0021
3924 Phospholipase D1 PLD1 0.0021
3925 Choline transporter-like protein 4 SLC44A4 0.0021
6432 Transporter snf 0.0021
677 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A PCYT1A 0.0019
5449 Hypothetical gliding protein mglB 0.0018
5443 UPF0189 protein ymdB ymdB 0.0018
5440 UPF0067 protein yebR yebR 0.0018
5439 33 kDa chaperonin hslO 0.0018
3781 Thiol:disulfide interchange protein dsbC precursor dsbC 0.0018
2720 Copper-containing nitrite reductase nirK 0.0018
4705 Manganese catalase Not Available 0.0018
332 Beta-lactamase blaZ 0.0018
2478 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0018
2613 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0018
2635 Beta-lactamase ampC 0.0018
2700 Beta-lactamase penP 0.0018
5445 Beta-lactamase blaB 0.0018
6019 Beta-lactamase SHV-7 0.0018
6701 Beta-lactamase cphA 0.0018
5448 Ribonuclease Z rnz 0.0018
5446 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase HI_1679 0.0018
5447 Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein L3MBTL1 0.0018
5454 Internalin-A inlA 0.0018
4498 Ornithine cyclodeaminase PP3533 0.0017
587 Serum albumin ALB 0.0016
3939 Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB 0.0016
5450 Prolyl endopeptidase Pep pep 0.0016
3356 Diaminopimelate decarboxylase lysA 0.0015
4771 Dissimilatory copper-containing nitrite reductase nir 0.0015
2714 Chorismate mutase aroH 0.0015
4611 Chorismate mutase aroG 0.0015
3274 Hydroxylamine reductase hcp 0.0015
4804 Hydroxylamine reductase hcp 0.0015
3736 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A gapA 0.0015
6106 Cytochrome P450 2C18 CYP2C18 0.0015
1360 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1 0.0015
6101 Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 FMO3 0.0015
3462 Tyrosine-protein kinase transforming protein Abl ABL 0.0014
3399 Limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase limA 0.0014
3697 Bifunctional protein glmU [Includes: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase glmU 0.0014
597 Dihydropteridine reductase QDPR 0.0014
6047 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A PDE1A 0.0014
5180 L(+)-mandelate dehydrogenase mdlB 0.0014
3500 Putative family 31 glucosidase yicI yicI 0.0014
4608 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO1207 0.0013
4963 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO2884 0.0013
6254 Putative cytochrome P450 SCO6998 0.0013
3480 Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase manA 0.0013
1615 Chymase CMA1 0.0013
6100 BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2 0.0013
577 Argininosuccinate lyase ASL 0.0013
5692 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B PDE1B 0.0013
2597 Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] glmS 0.0012
365 Dihydrofolate reductase DHFR 0.0012
2381 Dihydrofolate reductase DFR1 0.0012
2833 Dihydrofolate reductase Not Available 0.0012
2931 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0012
3544 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0012
3682 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0012
6642 Dihydrofolate reductase folA 0.0012
6756 Dihydrofolate reductase dfrA 0.0012
287 Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 B4GALT1 0.0012
762 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1 0.001
4110 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 CACNB2 0.001
4115 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D CACNA1D 0.001
1618 High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1 0.001
478 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C 0.001
364 Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 HSD11B1 0.001
1086 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2 0.001
124 Histamine H2 receptor HRH2 0.0009
164 Histamine H4 receptor HRH4 0.0009
734 D1 dopamine receptor-interacting protein calcyon CALY 0.0009
904 Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP1 0.0009
858 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1 0.0008
20 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 PTGS1 0.0008
193 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1 0.0007
766 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 0.0007
6025 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4 UGT1A4 0.0007
467 Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1 0.0006
696 Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1 0.0006
1898 Cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1 0.0005
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