DB00115 - Cyanocobalamin
| Identification | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cyanocobalamin |
| Accession Number | DB00115 (APRD00326, EXPT00965, NUTR00004) |
| Type | small molecule |
| Description | Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. [HMDB] |
| Structure |
|
| Categories (*) | |
| Molecular Weight | 1356.3731 |
| Groups | approved |
| Monoisotopic Weight | 1355.575230332 |
| Pharmacology | |
| Indication | For treatment of pernicious anemia (due to lack of or inhibition of intrinsic factor) and for prevention and treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency. |
| Mechanism of action | Vitamin B12 is used in the body in two forms: Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. The enzyme methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells. |
| Absorption | Readily absorbed in the lower half of the ileum. |
| Protein binding | Very high (to specific plasma proteins called transcobalamins); binding of hydroxocobalamin is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin. |
| Biotransformation | Hepatic |
| Route of elimination | Not Available |
| Toxicity | Anaphylactic reaction (skin rash, itching, wheezing)-after parenteral administration. ORL-MUS LD50 > 8000 mg/kg |
| Affected organisms |
|
| Interactions | |
| Drug Interactions | Not Available |
| Food Interactions | Not Available |
Targets
| Methionine synthase | |
|---|---|
| Name | Methionine synthase |
| Gene Name | MTR |
| Pharmacological action | yes |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References | |
| DTHybrid score | 1.1556 |
| Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial | |
| Name | Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial |
| Gene Name | MUT |
| Pharmacological action | yes |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5112 |
| Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial | |
| Name | Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial |
| Gene Name | MTRR |
| Pharmacological action | unknown |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.2866 |
| Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial | |
| Name | Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial |
| Gene Name | MMAA |
| Pharmacological action | unknown |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5116 |
| Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein | |
| Name | Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein |
| Gene Name | MMACHC |
| Pharmacological action | unknown |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.512 |
| Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | |
| Name | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase |
| Gene Name | MTHFR |
| Pharmacological action | unknown |
| Actions | cofactor |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 0.5328 |
Enzymes
| Cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase, mitochondrial | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase, mitochondrial |
| Gene Name | MMAB |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.512 |
Transporters
| Amnionless protein | |
|---|---|
| Name | Amnionless protein |
| Gene Name | AMN |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5116 |
| Transcobalamin-1 | |
| Name | Transcobalamin-1 |
| Gene Name | TCN1 |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5116 |
| Transcobalamin-2 | |
| Name | Transcobalamin-2 |
| Gene Name | TCN2 |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5117 |
| Gastric intrinsic factor | |
| Name | Gastric intrinsic factor |
| Gene Name | Not Available |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | Not Available |
| Cubilin | |
| Name | Cubilin |
| Gene Name | CUBN |
| Actions | substrate |
| References |
|
| DTHybrid score | 1.5103 |